光与组织的相互作用课件.pptx
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1、光与组织的相互作用o 组织光学o 光的吸收、散射和透射o 生物组织的光学特性o 激光的生物学效应Outlineo What is Tissue Opticso Absorption in Tissuen Absorption Process and Parametersn Typical absorbers in TissueWhat is Tissue Optics?oDefinitions from dictionaryn Optics: a science that deals witho genesis and propagation of light o changes that i
2、t undergoes and produces n Tissue: an aggregate of cells whicho usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a plant or an animal then,What is Tissue Optics?Tissue optics is combination of tissue and optics. Tissue is my subjec
3、t of interest and optics is my investigating principle.TissueOpticsInvestigating PrincipleSubject of Interest+=Tissue Optics Constituents of Tissue Optical Properties of Tissue Propagation of Light Interaction between Light and Tissue Diagnostic and Therapeutic ImplicationsWe are interested in Tissu
4、e OpticsOptical SignalTissueLight SourceOptical signal will be gained after light through tissue.Optical Signal from Tissueo Large number of Biological Moleculeso Functional and Structural informationo Noninvasiveo Near real timeoOptical signal from tissue can gain functional and structural informat
5、ion of large number of biological molecules with noninvasive and real time.Objectives of Tissue Optics oKey Question: How many photons per second will reach the tissue chromophore and be absorbed?nAbsorption is important because it transfers energy to tissue1.To find the light energy per unit area p
6、er unit time that reaches a target chromophore at some position2.To develop methods by the absorption and scattering properties of tissue can be measuredUltimate Goal of Tissue Optics will be that o Assess all optical properties noninvasive in living tissue (in vivo)o We must face Difficulties that
7、n Tissue is a complicated heterogeneous system and n Requires noninvasive in vivo information for meaningful diagnostic and therapeutic purposesABSORPTIONinTISSUEAbsorptionoExtraction of energy from light by a molecular speciesoApplications of absorption in tissue as follows oDiagnostic applications
8、: Transitions between two energy levels of a molecule that are well defined at specific wavelengths could serve as spectral fingerprint of the molecule nVarious types of Chromophores (light absorbers) in TissuenWavelength-dependent absorptionnTumor detection and other physiological assessments (e.g.
9、 pulse-oximetry)oTherapeutic applications: Absorption of energy is the primary mechanism that allows light form a source (laser) to produce physical effects on tissue for treatment purposenLasik (Laser Assisted in situ Keratomileusis) Eye Surgery, Tatoo Removal, PDT Mechanism of Absorption (resonanc
10、e principle)nWhen a light wave with that same natural frequency impinges upon an atom, then the electrons of that atom will be set into vibrational motion. o Just like a tune fork(音叉)!nIf a light wave of a given frequency strikes a material with electrons having the same vibrational frequencies, the
11、n those electrons will absorb the energy of the light wave and transform it into vibrational motion. nDuring its vibrations, the electrons interacts with neighboring atoms in such a manner as to convert its vibrational energy into thermal energy. Subsequently, the light wave with that given frequenc
12、y is absorbed by the object, never again to be released in the form of light. o Similar to phonon in crystal lattice conduction of heat in insulators & production of sound in solidMetrics for Absorptiono Absorption Cross-section, s m2nConsider a chromophore idealized as a sphere with a particular ge
13、ometrical size. Consider that this sphere blocks incident light and casts a shadow, which constitutes absorption. n The size of absorption shadow = absorption cross-sectionQa: absorption efficiencyAQaasMetrics for AbsorptionPin =IoAIncident BeamPabs = IosaPout = Io(A-sa)Outgoing Beamarea = A - saAre
14、a = saPout = Io(A-sa)-=Area =AoabsaIPsMetrics for Absorptiono AssumptionsnCross section is independent of relative orientation of the impinging light and absorbern uniform distribution of identical absorbing particleso Absorption Coefficient, ma 1/mn Absorption cross-sectional area per unit volume o
15、f mediumo Absorption mean free path, la mnRepresents the average distance a photon travels before being absorbedaaaNsmaa1lmAbsorption FundamentalsoTransmission and Absorbance (macroscopic view)oTransmissionoAbsorbance (attenuation, or optical density)oIIT IITAolog)log(Connection between T/A and mao
16、Now, absorbing medium is characterized by ma, transmission, and absorbance. Are they related?o Lambert Beer Law: the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species.Lambert-Beer Laws= absorption cross-sectional area = cm2IO = The intensity entering the sample at z =
17、0 w/cm2I = The intensity of light leaving the sampleIZ = The intensity entering the infinitesimal slab at ZdI = the intensity absorbed in the slabOabsaIPsLambert-Beer LawTotal opaque area on the slab due to absorbers dzANaasNumber of absorbers in the slab volume dzNIdIaasFraction of photonsabsorbedL
18、oss of intensitysb0aaIoIdzN)z( IdIbNIIlnaaosMinus denote loss of intensity.Lambert-Beer LawbNIIlnaaos litermolclitercm1000molec10 x023. 6mol1cmmolecN3233)xlog(303. 2) elog()xlog()xln(Sinceandbcbc303. 210 x023. 6IIloga20os , , Molar Extinction Coefficient cm-1M-1Measure of Absorbing Power of speciesA
19、bco1010IIT Lambert-Beer LawbbNbc303. 210lnIIlnaaabcoms baobc303.2oeIeIIm ma = 2.303c (1) By measuring Transmission or Absorbance for given M, we can obtain usually ex vivo(2) With knowledge of , if we can measure ma in vivo, we can quantify concentration of chromophores二、一般吸收和选择吸收 若某种介质对各种波长的光能几乎均匀吸
20、收,即吸收系数与波长无关,则称为一般吸收;若介质对某些波长的光的吸收特别显著,则称为选择吸收。 光的吸收o 选择吸收是物体呈现颜色的主要原因。一些物体的颜色,是由于某些波长的光透入其内一定距离后被吸收掉而引起的。例如:水能透入红光,并逐渐吸收掉,因而水面没有对红光的反射,只反射蓝绿光,并让蓝绿光透过相当的深度,所以水呈现蓝绿色。o 三、吸收光谱 具有连续光谱的白光,通过吸收介质后,不同波长的光被介质吸收的程度是不同的。将透射光通过分光仪进行分析,形成某种介质的吸收光谱。 生物组织中各种生物组织中各种“靶组织靶组织” (色基)的吸收光谱色基)的吸收光谱Pure Scattering水吸收特性o
21、水是人体中最丰富的化学物质,约占人体质量的6080%。水含量与人体的组织类型、年龄和性别有关。例如:新生儿脑中水占脑质量的90%,而在成年人骨骼肌肉中只占74%。因为水在大多数生物组织中具有较高的浓度,水在生物组织光谱测量中被认为是最重要的生色团之一。水的吸收光谱曲线,波长范围是20020000nm。从图中可以看出,水对光的吸收主要集中在紫外和红外区域,尤其在红外区域吸收最为明显。而在可见和近红外区域吸收很少,可以认为是光学窗口。组织中的水特性o组织中的水不是以纯水的形式存在,而是以生物分子和离子与氢基结合的产物。o组织水可以分成三种类型:组织水可以分成三种类型:o1)强结合的水,普遍地存在于
22、生物体表面,也就是说,细胞膜的磷脂双分子层表面;o2)弱结合的水,氢基与强结合的分子结合;o3)自由水,氢基自己结合,与纯水的性质类似。o由于氢结合强度对分子振动的影响,有理由认为结合水的与自由水的光谱存在差别。在球蛋白水合研究中观察到一个中红外的吸收带不同于纯液态水中红外的光谱特性。因此认为水分子与蛋白是强结合的 血红蛋白吸收特性o人体中血液中的血红蛋白有两种,一种是携带氧的含氧血红蛋白和不含氧的去氧血红蛋白。o在组织中水的光学窗口中对可见近红外光最主要的吸收是血红蛋白。血红蛋白运送红血细胞或红血球,约为全血的4045%。它负责从肺携带氧气到身体各组织器官,并输送回废气,如二氧化碳,到肺呼出
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