医学英语疾病介绍-BreastCancer乳腺癌课件.pptx
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1、“粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活动的公认标识,用于宣传“及早预防,及早发现,及早治疗”这一信息,足迹遍布全球数十个国家。各国政府亦将每年的10月定为“乳腺癌防治月”。粉红丝带是一场关爱乳房的运动,更是人们对健康和美丽的一种追求,她已经成为了一种爱心和时尚,她正在世界各地迅速升温,越来越多的媒体、政要、名人、明星正在参与进来,我们已经进入了一个全新的“粉红时代”。Breast Cancer Today 概述概述Causes And Risk Factors 病因学病因学Breast Anatomy 解剖学结构解剖学结构Pathological Changes 病理改变病理改变Metastasis
2、 转移转移Symptoms 症状症状Signs And Tests 诊断诊断Staging 分期分期Treatment 治疗治疗Expectations 预后预后Prevention 预防预防Summary 综述综述Breast Cancer Today In AmericaBreast cancer today is not what it was 20 years ago. Survival rates are climbing, thanks to greater awareness, more early detection, and advances in treatment. (归
3、功于更多的关注,更早的监测和更先进的治疗技术)For roughly 200,000 Americans who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year(每年约有二十万美国人被诊断为乳腺癌), there are plenty of reasons to be hopeful. In America, About 1 out of 8 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year.(在美国,一年统计数据表明,大约每八个女性中有一个会罹患乳腺癌)Breast Cancer Today In Chi
4、naChina is one of the countries with lower incidence of breast cancer(中国是乳腺癌低发病率的国家之一), But in recent years, the incidence increased significantly(但近年来发病率出现了引人注目的增长), An annual(每年的) increase of 3% to 4%, More than 1 to 2% of the world level, The incidence rate is one of the women most susceptible to
5、 tumor(发病率为女性易患肿瘤第一位).The incidence of breast cancer from age 40 to 60 years generally, But chinese patients with early age of onset, The 45-year-old is the maximum age of sickness.(乳腺癌的好发年龄为4060岁,但我国患者发病年龄提前,45岁为发病最高峰) Hormonal influence(激素影响激素影响): Long duration of reproductive(riprdktv) life(育龄的长时
6、间持续) Nulliparity(,nliprti未产妇) Late age at first child(老龄生育) Functioning ovarian(veri:n) tumor(卵巢肿瘤影响) Fibrocystic(,fabrosstk)(,fabrosstk) disease(乳腺纤维囊性病乳腺纤维囊性病) Radiation exposure(射线照射射线照射) Obesity(肥胖肥胖) Genetic predisposition(pridspzn)(pridspzn)(遗传倾向遗传倾向) ) Virus(病毒病毒)Causes And Risk Factors Outli
7、ne The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a woman. Men get the disease, too, but it is about 100 times more common in women. Other top risk factors include being over age 55 or having a close relative(有亲缘关系) who has had the disease. But keep in mind that up to 80% of women with brea
8、st cancer have no family history of the illness (80%的乳腺癌患者 并无家族病史). Causes And Risk Factors Breast Cancer: Why Me? The genes most commonly involved in breast cancer are known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with mutations(突变) in these genes have up to an 80 percent chance of getting breast cancer at some
9、point in life(有大于80%的几率在其一生的某个年龄段罹患乳腺癌). Causes And Risk Factors Breast Cancer GenesBeing overweight(过度肥胖), getting too little exercise(极少锻炼), and drinking more than one alcoholic beverage per day(每天喝超过一定量的含酒精饮料) can raise the risk of developing breast cancer. Birth control pills(避孕药) and some forms
10、 of postmenopausal(pst,menpzl) hormone therapy(某些形式的绝经后激素疗法) can also boost your risk(提高发病几率). Recent studies suggest that physical activity(体育活动) may help lower the risk of a recurrence(降低复发率) and its a proven mood-booster(被公认为“愉悦情绪激发器”). Causes And Risk Factors Risk Factors in Your ControlBreast A
11、natomy outer upper quadrant (外上四分之一区域外上四分之一区域) 50%Central zone(中心区域中心区域) 20% 20% 10% outer lower quadrant (外下四分之一区域外下四分之一区域) 10% inner lower quadrant (内下四分之一区域内下四分之一区域) inner upper quadrant (内上四分之一区域内上四分之一区域) 10%Breast Anatomy Site(发病部位发病部位): Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of t
12、he breast. There are two main types of breast cancer(乳腺癌有两种主要类型): Ductal carcinoma(导管癌) starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple(从乳房向乳头运输乳汁的导管). Most breast cancers are of this type(大多数乳腺癌隶属此种类型). Lobular(lbjl) carcinoma(小叶癌) starts in the parts of the breast, called
13、lobules(lbjul), that produce milk(产生乳汁的小叶). Pathological Changes Breast cancer may be invasive(nvesv,侵袭性的)(临床常见约占70%) or noninvasive. Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast(已经从乳腺管向其他组织扩散). Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue(
14、尚未累及其他乳腺组织). Noninvasive breast cancer is called “in situ(sitju:).”(非侵袭性乳腺癌又称为原位癌)Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or intraductal carcinoma(导管内原位癌), is breast cancer in the lining of the milk ducts(穿过乳腺导管壁) that has not yet invaded nearby tissues(累及邻近组织). It may progress to invasive cancer if untreat
15、ed(如未及时治疗会发展为侵袭性癌).Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)(小叶原位癌), is a marker for an increased risk of invasive cancer in the same or both breasts(它是一个向一侧或双侧乳房呈侵袭性癌发展的危险标志). Pathological Changes Comedocarcinoma(粉刺癌粉刺癌)()(隶属非浸润性癌中的导管内原位癌隶属非浸润性癌中的导管内原位癌(DCIS) high grade malignant(mlgnnt) cells, central necr
16、osis(nekrss), micro calcifications(,klsfken)(高度恶性细胞,中央区域坏死,微钙化) Grossly(肉眼观肉眼观): infiltrating(nfltret) the surrounding breast tissues,(乳腺组织周围浸润) stony(stni) hard on palpation(plpet)(触诊坚硬如石), retracted(rtrkt), dimpling(dmpl) of skin(皮肤收缩凹陷). Mass or ropy(rp) cords(团块状或丝状束), no capsule(无被囊包被), infiltr
17、ating peripheral(prf()r()l) tissues(浸润累及周围组织).Invasive ductal carcinoma (浸润性导管浸润性导管癌癌)()(隶属浸隶属浸润性癌润性癌)()(临临床常见约占床常见约占70%)70%) More bilateral(balt()r()l)(多累及双侧乳腺), multicentric diffusely(difju:zli) invasive (弥漫性多灶性分布) single files of small cells in concentric ring(同心的环状) about ducts(癌细胞呈列兵样排列,部分围绕乳腺小
18、导管环形排列). Grossly(肉眼观肉眼观): rubbery(rbr)(切面呈橡皮样) and poorly circumscribed(skmskrab)(与周围组织无明确界限)Invasive lobular carcinoma (浸润性小叶浸润性小叶癌癌)()(隶属浸隶属浸润性癌润性癌) ) Direct spread(直接扩散直接扩散) Lymphatic(lmftk) (lmftk) ( (淋巴道转移淋巴道转移): Axillary(kslr) node(腋窝淋巴结), Subclavian(sbklevn) node(锁骨下淋巴结). Bloodstream(血道转移血道转移
19、): Lung, Bone, Liver, and Brain.(肺、骨、肝和脑)1,锁骨上淋巴结 2,锁骨下淋巴结 3,腋窝淋巴结 4,胸肌内淋巴结 5,乳内淋巴结Metastasis There are often no symptoms of breast cancer, but sometimes women may discover a breast problem on their own. Signs and symptoms to be aware of may include: A painless lump(lmp)(无痛的肿物) in the breast. Change
20、s in breast size or shape(乳房大小和形状改变). Swelling in the armpit(mpt). (腋窝处隆起) Nipple changes or discharge. (乳头变化 或出现非生理性泌乳)Symptoms Signs and tests Tests used to diagnose and monitor patients with breast cancer(用于诊断和监控乳腺癌患者的试验) may include:Mammography(mmgrf)(乳房X线摄影术) to screen for breast cancer(显示乳腺癌病灶
21、) or help identify the breast lump.(帮助辨别乳房肿物)The earlier breast cancer is found, the easier it is to treat. And mammograms, X-rays of the breast, can detect tumors(能够探测肿瘤) before they are large enough to feel(在它们生长到足够大以至于可以被感觉到之前).Signs and testsBreast MRI(乳房核磁共振成像) to help better identify the breas
22、t lump(帮助更好地辨别乳房肿物的性质) or evaluate(vljet) an abnormal change on a mammogram(评估乳房造影摄片上可见的异常改变)Breast ultrasound(ltrsand)(乳房超声检测) to show whether the lump is solid(固态的) or fluid-filled(充满液体的), An ultrasound can help determine the presence of cysts, fluid-filled sacs that are not cancer(超声检测可以帮助判定病灶区包囊
23、的出现和充满液体的囊并非都是癌症改变).MRI: Magnetic(mgnetk) Resonance(rez()nns) Imaging 核磁共振成像Signs and tests The only sure way to determine whether a lump is cancer is to do a biopsy(baps)(活体组织切片检查). This involves taking a tissue sample for further examination in the lab, sometimes through a small needle(通过细小针头抽取).
24、Sometimes surgery is done to take part of or the entire lump for testing(手术切除部分肿物送检). The results will show whether the lump is cancer, and if so, what type.(活检结果会显示肿 物是否为癌症,如果是还 可以判定它的型别) It was once widely recommended that women check their own breasts once a month(一月一检). But studies suggest these
25、 breast self-exams play a very small role in finding cancer(实际成效并不显著). The current thinking is that(现在的想法是) its more important to know your breasts(更重要的是要了解你的乳房) and be aware of any changes(并且及时注意你的乳房出现的任何改变), rather than checking them on a regular schedule(比定时规律地检查它们更加有效). Signs and tests Breast Se
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