英语句子结构-p课件.ppt

1、Grammarsentences句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（ subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状Members of sentence: S - subjectP - predicative O - objectAttri.-attributeAdv.- adverb Oc - object complement 主主宾宾表表补补定定状状1) 主语（主语（subject）I like football.The boy needs a

2、 pen. 句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任担任, ,常置于句首。常置于句首。2) 谓语（谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于担任。常置于主语后。主语后。 The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.,动词不定式动词不定式,动名词动名词 或从句或从句名词名词,主格代词主格代词动词动词(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the c

3、lassroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二二). 选出句中谓语的中心词选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when

4、summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakf

5、ast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?

6、A. give B. did C. whom D. book3) 宾语宾语（object）He won the game. On the desk表示表示vt.的动作对象或的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。所联系的对象。由由n.或相当于或相当于n.的词担任。置于的词担任。置于vt.或或prep.后。后。Tome lost his life in the big fire.(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pa

7、y good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?4) 表语表语（predicative）用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由由n.n.或或adj.adj.担任。置于系动词之后。担任。置于系动词之后。He is a student. 除了除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，系动词外，还有一些

8、动词也可以用作系动词，1)表表感官的动词感官的动词:2) 表表转变变化转变变化的动词的动词:3)表表延续延续的动词的动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go, come,fall, 等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest,stand等等。(三三) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turn

9、ed yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.5) 宾补（宾补（objective complement） 补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况 。由由n. /adj. /n. /adj. /介宾介宾 / /分词分词 / /不定式等担任。不定式等担任。They made him king. I consider the book too expensive. 高考常考的宾补通常是考：高考常考的宾补通常是考： 使役动词感使役动词感官动词后边跟复合宾语官动

10、词后边跟复合宾语四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。句中的句中的lying on the floor 为现在分词，作宾语补足语为现在分词，作宾语补足语. 使役动词使役动词let; make; have 及感官动词及感官动词hear; listen to, see; notice; feel; watch; observe; look at, 以以及及find，catch等后面可接动词原形等后面可接动词原形; 现在分词及现在分词及过去分词，过去分词， 考试一般考查宾补用考试一般考查宾补用do/ doing/ done的哪种形式。

11、的哪种形式。+ 动词原形强调动词与宾语之间存在动词原形强调动词与宾语之间存在主动关系及主动关系及动作的全过程动作的全过程; + 现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在主动关系主动关系, 及动作正在进行及动作正在进行;+ 过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在被动关系被动关系, 及动作已经完成及动作已经完成. 如如:1. I must see my child cross the street.（cross 与宾语与宾语 my child 之间存在之间存在主动关系主动关系； 且看到了且看到了cross 的全过程）的全过程）2. I saw the th

12、ief stealing her money. ( stealing与宾语与宾语 the thief 之间存在之间存在主动关系主动关系； 且与且与 saw 同时发生同时发生。）。）3. You will see many problems settled in this way. ( settled与宾语与宾语 many problems之间存在之间存在被动被动关系关系, 且发生在且发生在 see 之前）之前） Note： Let sb. do sth. Find sb. doing sth. / done sth. Catch sb. doing sth. have,feel, hear;

13、listen to, see; notice; watch; do/ doing/ done observe; look at, 1The teacher made the boy standing for a whole class as a punishment.2. They saw a young man enter the old building.3. He saw an old man knocked by a big truck yesterday. 4. We had built and let the raft sail down the river 5. But I co

14、uld see a man lying on the floor, tied up with rope. 6. And we found the mens boat tied to the other side of the steamboat.找出句中的宾补：找出句中的宾补：附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词定语：即用来修饰名词,代词的单词、短语或从句代词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句短语或从句(修饰形容词，动词或整个句子修饰形容词，动词或整个句子)。定

15、定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.(六六) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the fam

16、ily name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.说明说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tel

17、l him something interesting . 说明说明2：不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten. 7) 状语（状语（adverbial）用以修饰用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句及全句,位置灵活位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；之后，强调时放在句首；修饰修饰形容词或副词形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；

18、表示表示时间、地点、目的的状语时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语) John often came to chat with meJo

19、hn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语 (七七) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句

20、中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that i

21、f youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.英语句子种类与类型英语句子种类与类型英语句子种类与类型I、句子种类（按交际用途分）、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、 THERE-BE存在句存在句II、句子类型（按句子结构分）、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句I、句子种类、句子种类（按交际用途分）（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句

22、、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句存在句1、陈述句、陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。 She arrived early. She cannot have arrived now.注：注：1）半否定句半否定句I hardly know anything about it. 2）部分否定句部分否定句与与全否定句全否定句I dont like both the films.I like neither Cathy nor Mary. 3)否定转移否定

23、转移I dont think it will be very cold today. (believe, expect, suppose,imagine)I、句子种类、句子种类2、疑问句、疑问句 有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。疑问句、反义疑问句。I、句子种类、句子种类1）一般疑问句）一般疑问句 用来询问一件事，答案通常是用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或或 no，注意语序。，注意语序。Have you anything to say?Did someone phone me last night? Cant you understand it?

24、 Isnt it a beautiful lake? -Havent you been to the UK? -No, I havent.2）特殊疑问句）特殊疑问句 疑问词有疑问词有who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。等。I、句子种类、句子种类（1）陈述语序）陈述语序Who was the first man in space?（2）倒装语序）倒装语序Who are you talking about?注：注：A、简略式、简略式 Why not go alone? Why get so angry? How/What about taking a

25、rest? B、复杂特殊疑问句、复杂特殊疑问句 What do you think he has done? I、句子种类、句子种类3）选择疑问句）选择疑问句(1)以一般疑问句为基础以一般疑问句为基础Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础以特殊疑问句为基础Which do you prefer, red wine or white?How shall we go there? By bus or by train?I、句子种类、句子种类4）反义疑问句）反

26、义疑问句 问：问：+ +，- -？或？或- -，+ +？ 答：答：+ +，+. +. 或或- -，-.-.1.Tom hardly knows French, _ _?2.Mary didnt fail her exam, did she? -_, she didnt.3.He used to live in Leeds, _ he?4.Lets go to the match at once, _ we? Leave me alone, _ you?5.No one was hurt, _ _ ?6.There is no doubt() about it, _ _ ?3、祈使句、祈使句 表

27、达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，用原形。表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，用原形。I、句子种类、句子种类1）带第二人称的祈使句）带第二人称的祈使句 Be quiet, please. Dont make any noise! You call a taxi. Dont you forget it.(强调) Give me a hand, will/wont/would/wouldn you?2）带第一、三人称的祈使句）带第一、三人称的祈使句 Let me try again. Lets go. Let us go. Lets not say anything about it./Dont lets s

28、ay Let him be here by 10 oclock. I、句子种类、句子种类3、祈使句、祈使句注意：1、加强语气 Do be careful of my broken leg. Do let me have another try. 2 、祈使句的省略式 A:Shall I open the window? B:Yes, please do./ No, please dont. A:Shall we watch the game? B:Yes, lets.4、感叹句、感叹句 由由what 或或how引导的，表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等。引导的，表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等。I、句子

29、种类、句子种类What a cute baby it is!What fine weather we have today!What a good time we had last night!How foolish she is!How clearly you speak!How clever a boy he is!* What a dirty room, _ _? What interesting films, _ _?I、句子种类、句子种类5、 THERE-BE存在句存在句There lives/ stands/ exists/ lies/ used to be/ seems to b

30、e etc. There is a clock on the table. Once there lived a king called Lear. There goes the bell!Here come the bus. Here he comes.There used to be a village at the foot of the mountain.There is certain to be a heavy rain tonight.There seems to be some misunderstanding.There is a baby crying in the nex

31、t door.There being no bus, we had to walk home.句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句(按句子结构分按句子结构分)简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the bo

32、oks. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：句型例句主语+系动词+表语The child seems healthy.主语+不及物动词We study hard.主语+及物动词+宾语Tom loves sports.主语+及物动词+间接宾语直接宾语My father bought me a bike.主

33、语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语He painted the wall white.二、句子类型二、句子类型1、简单句、简单句 只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。词或短语的句子。All roads lead to Rome.He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out.Is he a superman?Dont be shy. Have a try.The man dressed in black seems to be a spy. The weather became warm

34、erThe machine works smoothly1、简单句、简单句He enjoys reading.We elected Li Yang our monitor. The news made us sad. I found myself in dark.He brings me cookies every day. He brings cookies to me every day.She bought me a beautiful skirt. She bought a beautiful skirt for me.1、简单句、简单句用用 to 侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，侧

35、重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。对着某人。用用 for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助（需借助to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。等

36、。 there + be + 主语主语用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导仅为引导词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：“某地有某物某地有某物/某人。某人。”如：There are about four thousand students in our school.温馨提示：温馨提示：学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。请观察下列句子：请观察下列句子：1. 有两个男孩儿正在等你。有两个男孩儿正在等

37、你。2. 公园里每天有很多人做早操。公园里每天有很多人做早操。There are two boys are waiting for you.错错改为改为There are two boys waiting for you.There are many people do exercises in the park every morning.错错改为改为Many people do exercises in the park every morning.特别说明特别说明1. be 1. be 与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，有时态和情态变化。有时态和情态变化

38、。2. 2.此句型有时不用此句型有时不用bebe动词，而用动词，而用 livelive，standstand，comecome，gogo，lielie，remainremain，existexist，arrivearrive等不等不及物动词。及物动词。典型例句典型例句 There are still many things for us to do. There are many students holding an opposite view. There are trees planted by students all over the mountain. There are many

39、 people who dont agree. There will be a meeting tomorrow. There used to be a well in the village. There must be some job I could do. There is likely to be a serious mistake in the decision. There happens to be a classmate of mine in this school.(10)(10) Near our school there stands a high building.

40、(11)(11) Once there lived a good doctor in a small town. 复习简单句：复习简单句：对下列句子的成份对下列句子的成份进行划分进行划分.简单句简单句1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont beat children.4. He gave his sister the piano.5. I found the book easy. 主 + 谓主 + 谓 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补Nobody went.She became

41、a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go. PracticePractice 主 + 谓主 + 谓 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 活学活用活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：请划分以下句子的成分：（1）Who knows the answer?（2）She smiled her thanks.（3）He has refused to help them.（4）He enjoys reading.（5）I am conside

42、ring changing my job next month._ _ 活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：请划分以下句子的成分：(1) She ordered herself a new dress.(2) She cooked her husband a delicious meal.(3) I gave my car a wash.(4) He showed me how to run the machine划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last

43、week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?找出例句找出例句(2)-(8)宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系 The news made us sad. I found myself in dark. He encouraged me to study harder. The boss made him work overtime. I heard my name called. Dont leave

44、 the water running after you have washed your hands. I found it very pleasant to be with your family.连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连并列连词词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫词叫从属连词从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。

45、从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。连接成分连接成分并列句：并列句：复合句：复合句：并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet

46、等）等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句并列句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions 平行并列连词平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：转折并列连词： 因果并列连词因果并列连词: 选择并列连词选择并列连词:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror.并列句并列句This is me and these are my friends. They must

47、 stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. andorbut soHe knocked at the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead.由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句

48、子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一

49、起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从句3. 表语从句表语从句 4. 定语从句定语从句5. 状语从句状语从句 6. 同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句1. 宾语从句宾语从句2. 状语从句状语从句 3. 定语从句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cance

50、lled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词