最终版初中英语句子成分和五大基本句型.ppt课件.ppt

1、1.2.什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？ ！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !3.现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adv

2、erbial) 、补语（complement）、同位语。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？4. 主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.5.谓语：谓语： 谓语说明主语做什么，以什么状态谓语说明主语做什么，以什么状态或特征存在，由简单动词或者动词或特征存在，由简单动词或者动词

3、短语构成短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.6.表语：表语： 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She feels happy.Everybody is here.They are at home no

4、w.He went mad.Seeing is believing.7.宾语宾语 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good boy.8.宾语补足语宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只

5、有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at

6、 home.I heard my name called.9.状语状语 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.He studied very hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.I will stay a

7、t home if it rains tomorrow.10.定语定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine. Whats your name? I have 5 books. A sleeping boy is sleeping. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack.11.三、同位语：三、同位语：We students

8、should study hard. (students是是we的同位语，都是指同一批的同位语，都是指同一批学学生生）Li Lei, my brother, came to see me today.(my brother是是Li Lei的同位语）的同位语） 12.一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students i

9、n the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.13.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- He is a teacher while his little brother is still a junior middle school student.14.(三三) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定

10、语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. A beautiful girl is running to us.5. The boy in the clssroom is crying.15.(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to study hard. She found it difficult to do the work. The

11、y call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.16.(五五) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.17. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li

12、 hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books.18.句子成份练习句子成份练习1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We elected him our monitor.5、The sun keeps us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间语间语+直宾直

13、宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补19.8. I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.9. There seems little hopes of success.10、To our joy, they arrived safe.11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the game.12. After graduation he will work where he came from. 宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语状语状语同位语

14、同位语状语状语20.21.按句子的结构可分三种：按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、简单句、 并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句。简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. They walked, talked and laughed.22.英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：一：

15、 （主谓）（主谓）二：二： （主系表）（主系表）三：三： （主谓宾）（主谓宾）四：四： （主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）五：五： （主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）23.种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh24.基本句型一基本句型一 此句型的句子有一个共同特此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完

16、整的意思。完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。定式、状语从句等。25.i （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink.laughed? woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday is playinghave gone26.基本

17、句型 二 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：词分两类：be, look, feel,smell,taste,soundbe, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, get, grow, become,

18、 turn,goturn,go等属另一类，表示变化。等属另一类，表示变化。be be 本身没有什本身没有什么意义么意义, ,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。27.（是系动词）（是系动词）(表语表语)1. This 2. The dinner3. He 4. Everything5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells(闻闻)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and strong.

19、 interesting.warmer. red. 28.29.30.31.32.33. 基本句型基本句型 三三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。做及物动词。34.（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows lau

20、gh at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 35. 基本句型基本句型 四四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连通常这

21、一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。36.（及（及物）物）（多（多指人）指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. She2. She 3. He 8. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 4. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. nothing. my

22、 pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. 37. 基本句型基本句型 五五 此句型的句子的共同特点是：此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。语，才能使意思完整。38.（及物）（及物） （宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1. We 2. They3. They 4. They5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I keep

23、painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 39. 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：的句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾真正宾语

24、语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.40.（二）（二）41. 1.They work hard. 主主 + 谓谓 2.The flower is dead. 主主 + 系系 + 表表 3.Plants need water. 主主 + 谓谓 + 宾宾 4.He gives me some seeds. 主主 + 谓谓 + 直宾直宾 + 简宾简宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主主 + 谓谓 + 宾宾 + 宾补宾补 6.Many animals live in tree

25、s. 主主 + 谓谓42.a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec43. 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：的句

26、型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾真正宾语语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.44.并列句并列句 定定 义义 用用 法法 45.并列句是由并列句是由and, but, or, forand, but, or, for等并列等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为为: :简单句简单句+ +并列连词并列连词+ +简单句。并列句简单句。并列句是初中英语语法的重点和难点是初中英语语法的重点和难点, ,也是中也是

27、中考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句面掌握并列句, ,就让我们一起聆听它的就让我们一起聆听它的“四重奏四重奏”吧吧! ! 定义定义并列句是由并列句是由and, but, or, forand, but, or, for等并列等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为为: :简单句简单句+ +并列连词并列连词+ +简单句。并列句简单句。并列句是初中英语语法的重点和难点是初中英语语法的重点和难点, ,也是中也是中考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全考的常考知识点之一。

28、要想真正、全面掌握并列句面掌握并列句, ,就让我们一起聆听它的就让我们一起聆听它的“四重奏四重奏”吧吧! ! 定义定义46.联合并列句联合并列句 并列连词并列连词:and(和、并且和、并且), 其中其中and意为意为“和、又、而和、又、而”，表示动作先后等，表示动作先后等，not only.but also.(不但不但而且而且)等。等。 Jim finished his homework and he went to bed.吉姆写完作业吉姆写完作业,就上床睡觉了。就上床睡觉了。Not only I come to school early, but also my teacher does.

29、 不但我到校早不但我到校早,而且我的老师也是如此。而且我的老师也是如此。 and在表示条件时，可与在表示条件时，可与if引导的肯定条件句转换引导的肯定条件句转换 keep passing the ball to each other, and you”ll be Ok! If you keep passing the ball each other, you”ll be Ok! 47.转折并列句转折并列句并列连词并列连词:but(但是但是),however(然而然而),yet(但是但是),while(而而,然然而而)等。其中等。其中but意为意为“但是、可是、然而、不过但是、可是、然而、不过”

30、，表，表意思转折意思转折 。Shes good at English, but her Chinese isnt good. 她擅长英语她擅长英语,但语文不好。但语文不好。 He worked hard, yet he failed. 他努力地干他努力地干,然而失败了。然而失败了。 Tom is tall while his brother is short. 汤姆个儿很高汤姆个儿很高,而他的兄弟却很矮。而他的兄弟却很矮。Id like to go with you, however my hands are full. 我想和你一块儿去我想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。可是我忙不过来。 48

31、. 特别提醒特别提醒: though, although(虽然，尽管虽然，尽管)不能不能 与与 but(但是但是)连用。连用。 虽然他很累虽然他很累,但是他没有停止工作。但是他没有停止工作。误误:Although he is very tired, but he doesnt stop working. 正正:Although he is very tired, he doesnt stop working. 正正:He is very tired, but he doesnt stop working. 49.选择并列句选择并列句并列连词并列连词:or(或者或者;否则否则,要不然要不然),e

32、ither.or.(或者或者或或者者),neither. nor.(既不既不又不又不)等。等。 You must tell the truth, or you will be punished. 你必须说真话你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。否则你将会受到惩罚。 Either you can do it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it. 你或者自己做你或者自己做,或者让别人去做。或者让别人去做。 提醒提醒:“祈使句祈使句+or/and+简单句简单句”也是一个固定句型也是一个固定句型,此句型此句型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个中的

33、祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句 。 Work hard, and youll pass the exam. (=If you work hard, youll pass the exam.) 努力学习努力学习,你就会通过考试。你就会通过考试。 50.因果并列句因果并列句并列连词并列连词:for(:for(因为因为),),表示因果关系，起解释说明的作用。表示因果关系，起解释说明的作用。so(所以所以)等。其中等。其中so为为“所以、结果所以、结果”，表因果关系。，表因果关系。 That was our first lesson, so she didnt kno

34、w all our names. 那是我们第一堂课那是我们第一堂课,因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。She didnt come to school today, for she was ill. 今天她没来上学今天她没来上学,因为她生病了。因为她生病了。 提醒提醒: so与与because不能连用。不能连用。 因为我有钱因为我有钱, ,所以我能给自己买很多东西。所以我能给自己买很多东西。 误误:Because Im rich, so I can buy myself lots of things. 正正:Because Im rich, I can buy m

35、yself lots of things. 正正:Im rich, so I can buy myself lots of things. 51.1. Excuse me. Do you have a table for two? Im sorry, _ there arent any seats now. Would you mind waiting for a while? A. but B. and C. or D. so2. Work hard, _ you will pass the driving test. A. or B. but C. because D. and3. Mik

36、e learns a lot about internet. And _. A. I dont either B. so do I C. so am I D. I am too4. Call a taxi, _ you will miss the train. A. and B. though C. because D. or5. I came to see her, _ she wasnt at home. A. but B. for C. or D. andADBDA52.3）复合句复合句：含有：含有一个或一个以上从句一个或一个以上从句的的句子。复合句包含：句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词

37、性从句（主语（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、句）、定语从句定语从句和和状语从句状语从句等。等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.53.划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.54.55.