认知语言学框架与构式课件.pptx
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1、第五章第五章 框架及构式框架及构式Chapter 5 Frame and ConstructionsContents5.1 Frame and Scripts 框架与脚本5.2 Event-frame and the windowing of attention 事件框架和开启注意力视窗5.3 Language-specific framing and its use in narrative texts 特定语言框架及其在叙述文本中的使用5.4 Construction Grammar 构式语法5.1 Frame and Scripts The notion of frame was int
2、roduced into linguistics by Charles Fillmore in the middle of the 1970s based on his by now classic example, the commercial event frame.框架这一概念由 Charles Fillmore于20世纪70年代中期引入的语言学,它的基础是“商商务事件务事件”框架。框架。An example of BUYAn example of BUYADThe Frame of BUYThe Frame of BUY Mary bought some books from John
3、 for 500 dollors . some booksB (goods) A (buyer) Mary C (money) 500 dollorsD (seller) JohnFrame and perspectiveThe assignment of syntactic roles is governed by the choice of the verb buy, which is the syntactic perspective.The notion of perspective relies on the principle of prominence, that is on f
4、igure/ground segregation.The BUY frame is not just a useful tool for the syntactic description of the verb buy, but it can also be applied to the verbs sell, charge and pay. The difference of the four verbs is simply a change of perspective within the same frame. (1) David bought an old shirt from J
5、ohn for ten pounds.(2) John sold an old shirt toDavid for ten pounds. (3) John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt. (4) David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt.The two verbs buy and pay describe the comercial event from the BUYERs perspective, while sell and charge perspectivize the sit
6、uation from the SELLERs point of view.Frame and perspectiveFrame and perspectiveThis is a first sign that the frame approach goes beyond the figure and ground approach in that it pays more attention to the less prominent parts of sentences like adverbials.The frame notion:different conceptions and r
7、elated concepts the notion of frame any system of linguistic choicescollections of wordschoices of grammatical rules or linguistic categriesStarting out from this linguistic position, the conception of the frame notion has shifted towards a cognitive interpretation.The frame notion:different concept
8、ions and related conceptsEvery sentence evokes a certain cognitive perspective on a situation by the choice of the verb and the particular syntactic pattern that it governs.The basis for perspective is mainly provided by the cognitive ability of directing ones attention.The similarities between two
9、approaches :the figure and ground approach & the frame and attention approachThe frame notion:different The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts conceptions and related conceptsthe profiling of participants in an interactive network as syntactic figure and groundthe notion of pers
10、pectivizing two elements of a frame as subject and objectThey rely on Fillmores early Case Grammer,and share the belief that clause patterns cannot be seen in isolation but against their cognitive backgroundThe frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsThe differences between the two ap
11、proaches:(1)Researches working in the frame paradigm are interested in problems related to the meaning of the verbs that belong to a frame.(2)The frame approach presents a unified view of syntactic patterns,(3) the figure and ground approach mainly emphasizes the two prominent entities on the level
12、of clause in the syntactic figure and the syntactic ground; however, the frame has something to say about linguistic items that attract only a small portion of our attention potential.Examples: 5.David spent ten pounds on an old shirt. 6.The old shirt cost David ten pounds.The frame notion:different
13、 conceptions and related conceptsFrames can be conceived as a way of describing the cognitive context which provides the background for and is associated with cognitive categories.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsFrames are just one of variety of cognitive models which also
14、 include the scenarios, domains and interactive networks and the scrips .From frames to scripts:flying on a planeThe relevence of frames extends over the boundaries of single sentences to much larger linguistic and congnitive units.The following little story:Sue caught a plane from London to Madrid.
15、 After she had found her seat she checked whether the life vest was beneath it, but she could not find it. So she asked the flight attendant to find one for her.Attention: the two occurrences of the definite article the. From frames to scripts:flying on a planeQuestion: Why so the two uses of the de
16、finite article sound completely nautral, although they cannot be explained with the rules of grammar alone?Explaination:We need to make inferences that are based on our world knowledge to understand the definite references.Cognitive categories act both as anchors and as triggers for frames.Frame is
17、in the format of categories and their interrelations that frames are designed and it is by the same categories that they are activated.Categories is to provide “default assignments” by supplying context-dependent prototypes.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a p
18、laneAll these expectations that are based on our experience and stored in our long-term memory are part of the frame-system and influence our ability to produce and understand the language related to it.所有这些基于我们的经验并储存在长期记忆中的预期都是框架系统的组成部分,并且影响我们产生和理解与之有关的语言的能力。From frames to scripts:flying on a plane
19、From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a planeTheFLYING ON A PLANE frame has so far been presented as if it were a motley collection of categories. A flight exhibits a very predictable temporal structure in which one stage is
20、often a prerequisite for the next stage.Viewing the flight from such a sequential perspective, we go beyond simple frames and move into the scripts, i.e. knowledge structures that are particularly designed for frequently recurring event sequences.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames t
21、o scripts:flying on a planeThe restaurant scriptThe restaurant scriptThe RESTAURANT script as developed by the computer scientist Roger Schank and the social psychologist Robert Abelson.It can be divided into 4 scenes: Entering, ordering, eating and exiting. In entering, a number of condition must b
22、e fufilled.props 道具道具roles 人物人物entry conditions进入条件进入条件桌子 tables菜单 menu食物 food(F)账单 bill 钱 money顾客 customer (S)服务生 waiter (W)厨师 cook (C)收银员 cashier(M)店主 owner (O)S 饿了 S is hungryS 有钱 S has moneyOrdering scene of the restaurant scriptsOrdering scene of the restaurant scriptsAlthough we are all famili
23、ar with the information stored in scripts, when we produce or listen to language we unconsciously fill in an incredible amount of information taken from frames and scripts.eg. John went into a restaurant. He asked the waitress for coq au vin. He paind the bill and left.Without supplying this informa
24、tion we would certainly not be able to understand even the most simple pieces of discourse.eg. John went into a restaurant. He saw a waitress. He got up and went home.5.2 Event -frames and the windowing of attention5.2 Event -frames and the windowing of attentionFrames can provide valuable tools for
25、 the linguistic and conceptual analysis of situations like buying and selling, or having a meal in a restaurant . The notion of frame can be extended to describe more general situations, such as event chains linked by temporal sequences or causation.The information provided by the frame is still fai
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