系统解剖-英文版-神经系统-脊髓.Spinal-课件.ppt
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1、Organizations q中枢神经系统中枢神经系统Central nervous system (CNS)脑脑Brain脊髓脊髓Spinal cordq周围神经系统周围神经系统Peripheral nervous system (PNS)脑神经脑神经Cranial n. (12 pairs)脊神经脊神经Spinal n. (31 pairs)内脏神经内脏神经Visceral nervesMajor Divisions of the Central Nervous SystemqBrain 脑脑 Telencephalon 端脑端脑Diencephalon 间脑间脑Cerebellum 小脑
2、小脑Midbrain 中脑中脑Pons 脑桥脑桥Medulla oblongata 延髓延髓qSpinal cord 脊髓脊髓Brain stem脑干Major Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System q脑神经脑神经Cranial nerves (12 pairs)q脊神经脊神经Spinal nerves (31 pairs) q内脏神经内脏神经Visceral nervesVisceral sensory nerveVisceral motor nervelSympathetic part 交感神经交感神经l Parasympathetic pa
3、rt 副交感神经副交感神经Cellular OrganizationqNeuron 神经元神经元 Cell body 胞体胞体Axon 轴突轴突Dendrites 树突树突 q Neuroglia神经胶质神经胶质 glial cell胶质细胞胶质细胞 Classification of NeuronqStructural classification双极神经元双极神经元 Bipolar neuronhas an axon and a dendrite假单极神经元假单极神经元 Pseudounipolar neuronhas a central branch and a peripheral b
4、ranch多极神经元多极神经元Multipolar neuronhas an axon and two or more dendritesClassification of NeuronsqFunctional classification感觉神经元感觉神经元 Sensory (afferent) neuron运动神经元运动神经元 Motor (efferent) neuron联络神经元联络神经元 Association neuronqReflex反射反射: a reaction of the organism by the nervous system in response to a st
5、imulusqReflex arc反射弧反射弧: has 5 basic components Receptor Sensory neurons CNS Motor neurons Effector Reflex and Reflex Arcq深反射(腱反射)深反射(腱反射)-膝跳反射膝跳反射 Basic Terminology in Nervous SystemIn the CNSqGray matter 灰质灰质: collection of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites, gray color during fresh conditionCo
6、rtex 皮质皮质: the outermost layer of gray matter in cerebrum and cerebellumNucleus神经核神经核: a collection ( group ) of cell bodies which have the same shape and function Basic Terminology in Nervous SystemIn the CNSqWhite matter 白质白质: collection of nerve fibers, white color during fresh conditionMedulla 髓
7、质髓质: a central core of white matter beneath the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellumFasciculus ( tract ) 纤维束纤维束: a bundle of nerve fibers which have the same origin, termination, pathway and function Basic Terminology in Nervous SystemqReticular formation 网状结构网状结构: an admixture of cross-crossing fibers
8、 with larger or smaller groups of nerve cells occupying the meshes Basic Terminology in Nervous SystemIn the PNSqGanglion 神经节神经节: a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS. eg. Spinal ganglion/gangliaqNerve 神经神经: a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue sheath. eg. Spin
9、al nerveZhaoxi Ding Department of Human AnatomyMedical School, Shandong UqPosition:Lies in the upper 2/3 of the vertebral canalContinuous above with medulla oblongata at level of foramen magnum Ends below at the lower border of L1 in adult or at level of L3 at birthqAbout 4045cm in length qWeights a
10、bout 30 g.Position of Spinal Cord qA long cylindrical structure and slightly flattened anteroposteriorlyq Two enlargementsCervical enlargement颈膨大颈膨大lcorresponds to the C4 - T1 segmentslsends fibers to supply the upper limbsLumbosacral enlargement腰骶膨大腰骶膨大lcorresponds to the L2 - S3 segmentslsends fib
11、ers to supply the lower limbs External Features of Spinal Cordq脊髓圆锥脊髓圆锥Conus medullaris-the lower pyramid end of spinal cordq终丝终丝Filum terminale-a delicate filament, about 20 cm in length, prolonged downward from the apex of the conus medullaris to the back of the first segment of the coccyx, contin
12、uous above with that of the pia mater. q马尾马尾Cauda equina-collection of roots and rootlets of spinal n. (from L2-5, S1-5,Co1) around the filum terminale below the conus medullaris. These fibers gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column. Lumbar puncture (sp
13、inal tap)腰穿腰穿 External Features of Spinal CordFissure and sulciqAnterior median fissure 前正中裂前正中裂qPosterior median sulcus 后正中沟后正中沟qAnterolateral sulcus 前外侧沟前外侧沟 anterior (motor) roots emerge serially qPosterolateral sulcus 后外侧沟后外侧沟 posterior (sensory) roots enter spinal cord, each bear a spinal gangl
14、ion which constitutes the first cell-station of the sensory nervesqPosterior intermediate sulcus 后后中间沟中间沟 Segments of Spinal CordqA portion of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerve constitutes a segment. qThere are 31 segments 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygealq
15、Relationship of spinal Cord Segments to Vertebral Numbers Relationship of spinal Cord Segments to Vertebral NumbersSpinal segmentsVertebral levels (spines)C1C4Lie opposite the corresponding vertebraeC5T4One lower in number than corresponding vertebraeT5T8Two lower in number than corresponding verteb
16、raeT9T12Three lower in number than corresponding vertebraeL1-L5T10T12S1-S5 and CoL1Relationship of spinal Cord Segments to Vertebral NumbersSpinal segmentsVertebral levels (spines)Upper cervical region (C1C4)= C1 C4Lower cervical and upper thoracic region (C5T4)1 = C4 T3Middle thoracic region (T5T8)
17、2 = T3 T6Lower thoracic region (T9T12)3 = T6 T9Lumber segments= T10 T12Sacral and coccygeal segments= L1Internal Structure of Spinal Cord qGray matter 灰质灰质qWhite matter 白质白质qCentral canal 中央管中央管qReticular formation网状结构网状结构 Gray Matter of Spinal Cord qAnterior horn (column) 前角前角(柱柱)qPosterior horn (c
18、olumn)后角后角(柱柱)qIntermediate zone 中间带中间带Lateral horn (column) 侧角侧角(柱柱) only present in the thoracic and upper lumber segments of the spinal cord (T1-L3) qgray commissures灰质连合灰质连合 Anterior gray commissures 灰质前连合灰质前连合Posterior gray commissures 灰质后连合灰质后连合 Gray Matter of Spinal CordPosterior horn (column
19、):qMarginal layer缘层缘层(posteromarginal nucleus后角边缘核后角边缘核)qSubstantia gelatinosa 胶状质胶状质Situated at the apex of posterior horn throughout the length of spinal cordConcerns the sensations of pain and temperatureqNucleus proprius 后角固有核后角固有核Situated anterior to the substantia gelationnosa throughout the l
20、ength of spinal cordReceives fibers that are associated with the superficial sensesqNucleus thoracicus 胸核胸核 Situated at the base of posterior horn and extending from segments C8L3Associated with the deep senses(proprioceptive endings) Gray Matter of Spinal CordIntermediate zoneqIntermediaolateral nu
21、cleus中间外侧核中间外侧核 (lateral horn)Extents from segments T1L3, Containing sympathetic preganglionic neuronsqSacral parasympathetic nucleus 骶副交感核骶副交感核Extents from segments S2S4, Containing parasympathetic preganglionic neuronsqIntermediomedial nucleus中间内侧核中间内侧核 Throughout the length of spinal cordAssociat
22、ed with viscera afferent informationAnterior horn (column): q Two groups of nucleiMedial nuclear group内侧核群内侧核群: present in most segments of spinal cord, innervating axial musclesLateral nuclear group外侧核群外侧核群: present only in cervical and lumbosacral enlargements, innervating upper and lower limb mus
23、clesGray Matter of Spinal Cord Anterior horn (column): qTwo kinds of motor neurons -motor neuron: large multipolar neuron, innervates skeletal muscles, producing contraction of muscles-motor neuron: smaller multipolar neuron, innervates intrafusal muscle fibers of neuromuscular spindles, regulating
24、muscular tonusqInterneuron Renshaws cell: negative feedback mechanism Rexeds lamina 板层板层qPosterior horn is formed by lamina to ; qIntermediate zone corresponding to lamina ;qAnterior horn is composed laminae and ;qlamina is the gray matter surrounding the central canal.Important Subdivisions of Gray
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