Unit 3 Grammar and usage课件-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修第四册.pptx

1、Observe the following sentences and pay attention to the underlined parts.Please work out the function of the underlined part in each sentence.1. I think its interesting.2. The fact is that we have lost the game.3. Whether she comes or not makes no difference.4. It is not known what caused the wildf

2、ire.5. I heard the news that our team had wonThese clauses function as nouns, and they are called noun clauses.as the objectas the subjectas the predicativeas the subjectas the appositiveMax is reading an article on the pros and cons of starting ones own business. Find the sentences with noun clause

3、s.( )( )( ) ( ) ( )Object clausePredicative clause Appositive clauseSubject clauseCheck your answers!P34 Object clauseSubject clauseObject clausePredicative clauseAppositive clauseAs you start to make plans for what you want to do with your future, .Also, you will need to make sure any loans you hav

4、e are repaid on time.Another advantage is that you will be able to better provide for yourself and your family., you might ask a question whether you should start your own business. It is no surprise that being ones own boss is appealing to many people.P34 nounthatFocus on Focus on 基本用法基本用法在在复合句复合句中

5、，如中，如作主语的是一个作主语的是一个从句从句，该从句被称为，该从句被称为主语从句主语从句。That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer(评论者评论者).Whether hell come hasnt been decided.= It hasnt been decided whether hell come. That the earth moves around the sun is well known. Whether he will come

6、 or not is not known yet.that, whether1. 连词连词连接词连接词 Which one is the best is not clear. Who will be sent there has not been decided. Whose the money is doesnt concern me.What you need is more practice.who, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等等 Whoever comes first will get a free book. W

7、hatever he did was right. Whichever team gains the most points wins. 2. 连接代词连接代词When they will come hasnt been made public. Where he has gone is a question. Why there is gravity is hard to understand. How he can earn a living in Britain remains a big problem.when, where, why, how3. 连接副词连接副词 That he

8、speaks English so well surprises all of us. That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence.1.that在主语从句中在主语从句中不充当任何成分，也无意不充当任何成分，也无意 义，只起连接作用，不能省略义，只起连接作用，不能省略。 Its uncertain whether/if hell come this evening.2.whether和和if: whether与与if 引导主语从句，引导主语从句， 位于句中有时可换用位于句中有时可换用。 It was d

9、oubtful whether/if Tom really saw Sharon.用用不用不用 的情况：的情况：1.1. Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. It makes no difference whether you will go today or tomorrow.2.2. Whether or not he will come still remains a question. Whether well succeed remains to be seen.1.1.主语从句主语从句时；时；位于句首位于

10、句首2.2.从句后有从句后有或紧跟或紧跟时时oror not Why he didnt attend the meeting wasnt clear.3.3.连接代词连接代词和和连接副词连接副词在句中在句中既保留自己既保留自己 的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中 充当某种成分充当某种成分。 When the plane will take off has not been announced. Who will come to teach us is not known. What hurt my feelings was the judges comment

11、. What we need are more books. Who won the match is still unknown.主语从句后的谓语动词一般用主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式单数形式。 What she lacks is experience.what引导的从句作主语时，引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词的数由谓语动词的数由后面的表语决定后面的表语决定。 What you said is perfectly true.谓语动词的数谓语动词的数 certain clear important necessary probable possible主语从句常用主语从句常用it作作形式主

12、语形式主语放放句首句首, ,从句从句为为真正真正的主语的主语，放在，放在句末句末，使句子更平衡。，使句子更平衡。常用句型有：常用句型有：It is/was+that clause1. It+be+形容词形容词+that从句从句it作形式主语作形式主语 It is certain that she will do well in her exam.可以肯定的是，她会在考试中做得很好。可以肯定的是，她会在考试中做得很好。 It is probable that he told me everything.他可能把一切都告诉我了。他可能把一切都告诉我了。 It is natural that the

13、y should have different views.他们有不同观点是很自然的。他们有不同观点是很自然的。 It is strange that he knows nothing about it.很奇怪他对此竟一无所知。很奇怪他对此竟一无所知。2. It + be + 名词词组名词词组 + that从句从句 pity shame duty It is a pity that he missed such a good chance.It is / was a+ that clause It is a shame that youre sick. 很遗憾他错过了这么好的机会。很遗憾他错过

14、了这么好的机会。真遗憾你病了。真遗憾你病了。3. It + be + v-ed + that从句从句 said reported thought hoped believed known It is+ that clause It is said that he is the best student in the class. It is thought that Joe drives badly.据说他是班上最好的学生。据说他是班上最好的学生。人们认为乔开车开得不好。人们认为乔开车开得不好。 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at

15、 all. It happened that I was out that day. It appears to me that you dont want to come to the party. 4. It + seem, happen, appear等不及物动词等不及物动词 + that从句从句爱丽丝似乎根本不会来参加晚会。爱丽丝似乎根本不会来参加晚会。碰巧我那天外出了。碰巧我那天外出了。在我看来，你不想来参加聚会。在我看来，你不想来参加聚会。Lines from the film Kung Fu Panda 1. Whomever I chose will not only brin

16、g peace to the valley, but also to you. 2. It is said that the Dragon Warrior can survive for months at a time on nothing but the dew of a single Gingko leaf and the energy of the universe. Focus on Focus on 基本用法基本用法在复合句中，如在复合句中，如作宾语作宾语的是一个的是一个从句，该从句被称为从句，该从句被称为宾语从句宾语从句。I dont care whether he is ric

17、h or not.Ive made it clear I will never go back there.宾语从句类型宾语从句类型连接词连接词例句例句I think that you are right.that（在口语或（在口语或非正式文体中非正式文体中常省略）常省略）I wonder if/whether they will have the races again next year.whether, if (在在口语中常用口语中常用if)Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?who, what, which, when, w

18、here, how, why由由that引导引导的陈述性的的陈述性的宾语从句宾语从句由连词由连词if/whether引引导的宾语从句导的宾语从句由由wh-引导引导的宾语从句的宾语从句if或或whether引导宾语从句时，作引导宾语从句时，作“是否是否”讲，讲，一般情况下，两者一般情况下，两者常可换用常可换用。只用只用whether在动词不定式之前在动词不定式之前只能用只能用whether。在在whetheror not 的固定搭配中的固定搭配中在介词后，只能在介词后，只能用用whether。宾语从句放在句首宾语从句放在句首表示强调时表示强调时Please tell us whether to

19、go or stay here.I dont know whether or not I can come.We worried about whether he was in good health.Whether it is true or not, I cant tell. (1) 动词动词 + it + that从句从句，常见于，常见于take, have, put等动词之后。等动词之后。I take it that he will finish the task by himself. 我认为他能自己完成这项任务。我认为他能自己完成这项任务。(2) 动词动词 + it + when

20、/ if从句从句，常见于，常见于appreciate, enjoy, like, prefer等动词之后。等动词之后。We really appreciate it if you could do us a favour. 如果您能帮助我们，我们会很感激。如果您能帮助我们，我们会很感激。He made it known to everyone that he was right. 他让每个人都明白他是对的。他让每个人都明白他是对的。(3) 动词动词 + it + 介词短语介词短语 + that从句从句，常见于，常见于owe it to sb, take it for granted等结构中。等

21、结构中。 We owe it to you that we are still alive. 多亏有你，我们还活着。多亏有你，我们还活着。(5) 动词动词 + it + V-ed + 从句从句(4) 动词动词 + 介词介词+ it + that从句从句，常见于，常见于look to, depend on, insist on, stick to, answer for等结构等结构中。中。She insisted on it that she was innocent. 她坚持说自己是无辜的。她坚持说自己是无辜的。(1)主句是主句是现在的时态现在的时态， 从句的时态可从句的时态可根据实际情况而定

22、根据实际情况而定。(2)主句是主句是过去的某种时态过去的某种时态， 从句一定要用从句一定要用过去的某种时态过去的某种时态。 Does anyone know where I can find a home?We didnt know why she had missed the flight.注意：如果宾语从句表述的是注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现客观真理、自然现象等象等时时, 不管主句是什么时态不管主句是什么时态, 从句都要用从句都要用一般现一般现在时在时。He said that light travels much faster than sound. I know you

23、are not the dragon warrior. I dont know if I can do all of those moves. I dont understand what master Oogway was thinking. (that)名词性从句作宾语时，前面的名词性从句作宾语时，前面的that经常被省略，特别经常被省略，特别是在非正式文体中更是如此。是在非正式文体中更是如此。Lines from the film Kung Fu Panda The fact is that he has not been seen recently. My suggestion is

24、that we should turn the land into rice fields.Focus on Focus on 基本用法基本用法在复合句中，如在复合句中，如作表语作表语的是一个的是一个从句，该从句被称为从句，该从句被称为表语从句表语从句。系动词系动词+ +表语表语构成构成系表结构系表结构，说明主，说明主语的语的状况、性质、特征状况、性质、特征等情况。等情况。你知道常见的系动你知道常见的系动词有哪些吗词有哪些吗? ? 读下面的句子，关注并回忆常见的系动词有哪些：读下面的句子，关注并回忆常见的系动词有哪些：常见的系动词有：常见的系动词有：be动词动词: _感官动词感官动词: _“变

25、得词变得词”: _“持续词持续词”: _1. William is excited about his promotion.2. She appears upset about the announcement.3. The eggs smell rotten.4. Your plans for the wedding sound nice.5. You look exhausted after studying all night.6. Bob felt sleepy after eating the whole pizza.7. The audience fell silent when

26、the conductor walked on stage.8. The theater gets dark when the show is about to begin.9. The store stays open until late on Thursdays.am, is, are, was, werefeel, look, smell, sound, taste, seem, .get, become, turn, grow, fall, .remain, keep, stay, . The most important thing is that we finish the fi

27、nal task. The question is whether we can finish it in such a short time. The reason why he was late is that he got up late.that& whether 用法归纳：用法归纳：a. that引导表语从句时，只起引导表语从句时，只起_作用，作用，作作/ /不作不作句子句子成分，成分，有有/ /没有没有意义。意义。b. whether引导表语从句时，只起引导表语从句时，只起_作用，作用，作作/ /不作不作句子成分，通常翻译为句子成分，通常翻译为“_”“_”。注意。注意: :引导表语

28、从句引导表语从句时通常时通常不用不用if。连接连接连接连接是否是否c. 注意下面这个结构：注意下面这个结构：The reason why . is / was that .1. 从属连词从属连词 She is not who she was. Exercise is what keeps us healthy. The winner will be whoever solves that problem. My part will be whatever you give to me.2. 连接连接代代词词用法归纳：用法归纳：连接代词引导表语从句时，既起连接代词引导表语从句时，既起_作用，作用

29、，又作句子成分又作句子成分( (通常作通常作_等等) )。连接连接主语，宾语，表语主语，宾语，表语who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever, .3. 连接副词连接副词 The house is where Lu Xun once lived. Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient. By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived. Thats why you should push y

30、ourself. The best time to start is whenever you are ready.用法归纳：用法归纳：连接副词引导表语从句时，既起连接副词引导表语从句时，既起_作用，作用，又作句子成分（通常作又作句子成分（通常作_）。）。连接连接状语状语where, when, how, why, whenever, wherever, . Thats because we were in need of money at that time. He looked as if he was going to cry. It looked as though it might

31、rain at any minute. 4. 其他词其他词because, as if, as though, .如果引出表语从句的名词是一些表示如果引出表语从句的名词是一些表示 “建议建议”或者或者“命令命令”之类的词如之类的词如advice, suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等等, 那么从句中的动词通常用那么从句中的动词通常用(should)+动词原形动词原形。1. My suggestion is that we all _ (take) an active part in the coming sports meet. 2. His pro

32、posal was that the work _ (finish) in five hours.(should) be finished(should) take Master, let us stop Tai Lung. This is what youve trained us for.Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift. That is why it is called the “present”. This is where Oogway unraveled the mysteries of

33、 harmony and focus. This is the birth place of Kung Fu. You got to let go of the stuff from past -because it just doesnt matter. The only thing that matters is what you choose to be now.Lines from the film Kung Fu Panda Focus on Focus on 基本用法基本用法在复合句中，从句作某一名词的同在复合句中，从句作某一名词的同位语，对该名词作进一步解释说明，位语，对该名词作

34、进一步解释说明，该从句被称为该从句被称为同位语从句。同位语从句。The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.The fact that we cannot travel faster than light means that it will take a long time to reach those planets.He cant answer the question how he got the money.I have no idea where he comes from.同位语从句同位语从句常常放在

35、抽象名词放在抽象名词，如，如fact, idea, news, information, order, belief, suggestion, reply, answer, thought等等之后之后，以具体说明，以具体说明这些词的含义。这些词的含义。1. that引导同位语从句时，在从句中引导同位语从句时，在从句中不作成不作成分，只起连接作用，无具体意义，不能省略分，只起连接作用，无具体意义，不能省略。引导同位语从句的引导同位语从句的连接词连接词有：有：that, whether, what, who, whom, whose, when, where, how等。等。Lily asked

36、me the question whether the novel was worth reading.2. whether引导同位语从句，意为引导同位语从句，意为“是否是否”，不能用不能用if代替代替。They were surprised at the news that theirteam had won.3. 连接代词连接代词和和连接副词连接副词引导同位语从句，引导同位语从句，在从句中作成分在从句中作成分。宾语宾语在从句中作：在从句中作：主语主语状语状语1. 间隔式同位语从句间隔式同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句通常通常是跟在它解释或说明的名是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，词后，有些情况下，

37、有些情况下，同位语从句和名词被同位语从句和名词被其他词其他词隔开。隔开。Word came that the concert had been put off.An idea occurred to her that she could try another way.2. 在某些名词在某些名词(如如demand, suggestion, wish, advice, request, proposal, order等等)后的同后的同位语从句谓语动词用位语从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形动词原形”，should可以省略。可以省略。We followed his advice that we

38、 (should) turn to our teacher for help.We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. I can understand their wishes that they (should) have a holiday.同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句性质性质实例实例定语从句是从句定语从句是从句对其对其先行词的修饰或限制先行词的修饰或限制，属于属于形容词性从句形容词性从句的的范畴范畴同位语从句是从句同位语从句是从句对对前面抽象名词的进一前面抽象名

39、词的进一步的说明和解释步的说明和解释，属，属于于名词性从句名词性从句的范畴的范畴The news that our team has won the game is true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。消息是真的。(同位语从句同位语从句, 补充说明补充说明news到底是一个什么消到底是一个什么消息息) The news that he told me yesterday was true.昨天他告诉我的那昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。个消息是真的。(定语从句定语从句, news在从在从句中作句中作told的宾语的宾语)同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句先行先行词词

40、实例实例同位语从句前面的名词同位语从句前面的名词只能是只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等等抽象名抽象名词词定语从句的先行词可定语从句的先行词可以是以是名词、代词、主名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个句的一部分或是整个主句主句He told me the news that he would come home from abroad soon.Word came that he had been abro

41、ad. Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. (同位同位语从句语从句)(定语从句定语从句) (同位语从句同位语从句)同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句引导引导词词实例实例引导同位语从句的词有引导同位语从句的词有:that, whether, what, who, whom, whose, when, where, how等。等。that引导同位语从句时引导同位语从句时只起只起连接作用连接作用，无具体意义，在，无具体意义，在从句中不作成分，不能用从句中不作成分，不能用which代替，且不能省略。代替，且不能省略。有些引导词如有

42、些引导词如how, whether, what不能引不能引导定语从句导定语从句。that引导定语从句时，引导定语从句时，不但起连接作用不但起连接作用，而且，而且在从句中作成分，作宾在从句中作成分，作宾语时可以省略语时可以省略The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. (同位语从句，是对同位语从句，是对order的的具体解释，具体解释，that虽不作成分虽不作成分, 但不能省略但不能省略)The order that we received yesterda

43、y was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. (定语从句定语从句, 是名词是名词order的的修饰语修饰语, that在从句中作在从句中作received的宾语的宾语, 可以省略可以省略) 1. The news that we had successfully sent up another communication satellite spread throughout the world.2. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 3.

44、Thats the best piece of news Ive heard.判断下列哪些含有判断下列哪些含有同位语从句同位语从句，哪些含有，哪些含有定语从句定语从句。定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句4. Is there any hope that he will be home at 7:30? 5. The possibility that you referred to doesnt exist at all.6. The fact that we talked about is very important.7. There is a strong possibi

45、lity that we may be in France for the next week.定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句1. How do young people decide on a career? I want to know. (object clause)2. Does she have enough time to complete so many tasks? This is her doubt. (predicative clause)3. The careers adviser suggests that people sho

46、uld think carefully before choosing a job. The suggestion is useful. (appositive clause)4. Where will my uncle open his new restaurant? It remains to be seen. (subject clause) Rewrite the following sentences using noun clauses according to the requirements in the brackets.P35 B11. How do young peopl

47、e decide on a career? I want to know. (object clause)2. Does she have enough time to complete so many tasks? This is her doubt. (predicative clause)Check your answers!I want to know how young people decide on a career. Her doubt is whether she has enough time to complete so many tasks.3. The careers

48、 adviser suggests that people should think carefully before choosing a job. The suggestion is useful. (appositive clause)4. Where will my uncle open his new restaurant? It remains to be seen. (subject clause) The careers advisers suggestion that people should think carefully before choosing a job is

49、 useful.It remains to be seen where my uncle will open his new restaurant./Where my uncle will open his new restaurant remains to be seen.P35 B2thatthatwhether/ifHowthatThe passage below gives tips on how to start a business. Complete it with proper linking words to form noun clauses. Max is talking

50、 to his friend Kate about starting his own business. In pairs, complete the conversation below using noun clauses. what business you want to run?whether it is worth entering.What they saidP35 B3Possible answers:1. Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is _ many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社旅社). 2