Unit 2 Grammar and usage ppt课件-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修第四册.pptx

1、Unit 2 Understanding each otherBelow is a personal account by a Chinese student who studied in the UK and the USA. Find the sentences with relative clauses and fill in the table below. The first one has been done for you.A Exploring the rules个人陈述个人陈述relative clauses 定语从句定语从句12345restrictive relative

2、 clause 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句non-restrictive relative clause 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句necessaryadditionalthatFocus on Focus on 基本用法基本用法1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句；2.非限非限制制性定语从句；性定语从句；3. “介词介词+关系词关系词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句在复合句中，如作定语的是一个从句，该在复合句中，如作定语的是一个从句，该从句被称为从句被称为定语从句定语从句。定语从句分为两种：。定语从句分为两种：限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和和非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句

3、限制性定语从句对先行项（先行词）进行限定或对先行项（先行词）进行限定或修饰修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句不用逗号隔开。不用逗号隔开。The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰修饰the boy先行词先行词关系词关系词一、限制性定语从句一、限制性定语从句关系词关系词指代指代充当成分充当成分关系关系代词代词that人或物人或物主、宾、表主、宾、表which物物主、宾主、宾who人人主、宾主、宾whom人人宾宾whose人或物人或物定语定语

4、关系关系副词副词where地点地点状语状语when时间时间why原因原因a. The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.b. The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.c. These are the trees which were planted last year.d. A plane is a machine that can fly.e. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：引导限制性定语从句的

5、关系代词有：who(人人), whom(人人), which(物物), that(人人/物物), whose(人人/物物), 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略作主语作主语作定语作定语 Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat. The goat is eating her flowers. Can you lend me the book? You talked about it last night.Can you lend me the book (which) you

6、 talked about last night?Can you lend me the book about which you talked last night?Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat which is eating her flowers.用定语从句改写下列两组句子。用定语从句改写下列两组句子。 I like the way (in which / that) you smile. I dont like the way (in which / that) hes looking at me. This is the way (in whic

7、h / that) weve always done it. 当先行词是当先行词是way且在从句中表示且在从句中表示“以以方式方式”时，常由时，常由that或或in which引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。 I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow. Did you have anything (that) you want to say for yourself?(1)先行词为先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much

8、, none, some 等不定代词时。等不定代词时。that和和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，在指物的情况下一般都可以互换， 但在下列情况下，一般但在下列情况下，一般用用that而不用而不用which。用用that而不用而不用which的情况的情况 This is the very bus (that) Im waiting for. The only thing (that) we can do is (to) give you some money. Ive read all the books that are not mine.(2)先行词被先行词被the only, th

9、e very( (恰恰，正好恰恰，正好) ), the same, the last, all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。等修饰时。(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。先行词是序数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. This is the first book (that) he has read. This is the most interesting film (that) Ive seen.Do you know the things

10、and persons that theyare talking about?(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。当先行词既有人又有物时。(5) 当主句的主语是疑问词当主句的主语是疑问词who或或which时。时。 Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the boy that won the gold medal?(6) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用用which，则另一个用则另一个用that。They secretly built up a small factory, which produced thing

11、s that could cause pollution.a. He told me the date when (on which) he joined the Party.b. The hotel is the one where (at which) I stayed last month.c. I know the reason why (for which) she was so angry. 关系副词关系副词（when, where, why）引导定语从句时，引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语定语从句中充当状语。关。关系副词可转化为系副词可转

12、化为介词介词+ +关系代词关系代词( (which) )结构。结构。作时间状语作时间状语作地点状语作地点状语作原因状语作原因状语 Water, which is a liquid, has many uses.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对对water补充说明补充说明先行词先行词关系词关系词非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明对先行项进行补充说明，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主语和从句用由关系代词或关系副词引导。主语和从句用逗号隔开。逗号隔开。二、非限制性定语从句二、非限制性定语从句a. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggest

13、ed stopping at the next town.b. I want to buy a dictionary, which is valuable to my learning.c. My brother, whom/who you met the other day, has gone abroad.d. Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job. 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由由which, who, whom, whose等关系代词引导。等关系代词引导。a. He will put off

14、 the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.b. Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher.非限制性定语从句中，可用关系副词非限制性定语从句中，可用关系副词when, where引导。引导。三、三、“介词介词+ +关系代词关系代词”引导的定语引导的定语从句的注意事项从句的注意事项a. I met an old friend from whom I had parted for many years. b. It was a crisis for which

15、 she was totally unprepared. c. They were badly hurt in the earthquake, because of which they didnt go to school.d. He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.1.“介词介词+ +关系代词关系代词”引导定语从句，关系引导定语从句，关系代词常用代词常用whom或或which，且不能省略且不能省略。a. This is the scientist whose achievements are wel

16、l known.= This is the scientist, the achievement of whom are well known.b. This is the house whose window broke last night.= This is the house, the window of which broke last night.2. 介词介词of +whom / which可替换由可替换由whose引引导定语从句。导定语从句。a. This is the pen which Im looking for.b. This is the program which

17、he listened to. 3. 当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定搭配不当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定搭配不可分割时，介词不可提前。可分割时，介词不可提前。常见搭配有：常见搭配有：listen to/look at/depend on/look for/pay attention to/take care of/look after/take part in/make use of/catch up with/get along with/hear of /look forward to等。等。a. He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, mo

18、st of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.b. The football team has 15 members, the oldest of whom is 25 years old.c. Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose.4.“名词名词/ /代词代词/ /数词数词/ /表示整体或部分概念表示整体或部分概念的词的词+ +介词介词+ +关系代词（关系代词（which/whom）”结构可引出定语从句。结构可引出定语从句。1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻

19、辑关系根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系 Is that the newspaper _ which you often write articles?2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配 Can you explain to me how to use these idioms _ which Im not sure?3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯 1949 was the year _ which the P.R.C. was founded.foraboutin关系代词前介词关系代词前介词(介词介词which)的确定的确定B A

20、pplying the rulesB1 Fill in the blanks with proper relative pronouns, relative adverbs or “preposition + relative pronoun” structures.P21 B11. In the UK, _ punctuality is very important, you should try not to arrive late.2. In Thailand, the foot, _ is considered an unclean part of the body, should n

21、ot be pointed.3. In Europe, there are many different types of greetings, _ cheek kissing is just one example, and it is important to know which one to use.4. When we travel, we should pay attention to situations _ there might be unwritten rules, such as gift giving.5. My sister, _ works in Japan, fi

22、nds it odd that she has to do exercise at the start of her working day.whereof whichwherewhowhichB2 The passage below is about taboos. Complete it with the correct relative clauses in the box below. There are two clauses you do NOT need to use. Write the letters in the blanks.P21 B2A taboo is social

23、 behaviour that is not allowed. There are many different taboos around the world, (1) _. They often vary from society to society. Taboos are usually related to certain items or people. a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforecwho see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimpo

24、rtant to usewho break taboosfwhich means “to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identitya few of which are universalThose (2) _ are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others, and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them

25、. a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means “to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identitye who break taboosWhen you meet people from different cultures, it is impor

26、tant to understand what you cannot do. If you are not aware of the differences, (3) _, some strange things might happen. a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means “to separate”g that

27、make up part of a countrys cultural identityd which may seem unimportant to usFor example, in China, giving an umbrella as agift to your friend or a married couple, except when it is actually raining, should be avoided. This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like a

28、nother Chinese word (4) _.a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means “to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identityf which means “to separate”Before you travel to a n

29、ew country, it is a good idea to find out about the local taboos. If you know what to avoid and how to behave, you will spare yourself embarrassment. Mind that taboos change with the times. Some behaviour (5) _ _ might be accepted now.a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who

30、see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means “to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identity bthat was not tolerated beforeWhat other taboos do you know about? Give examples using relative clauses. Use the examples below to help you.P

31、21 B3In China, people usually avoid the number 4, because its pronunciation is similar to that of a Chinese word which means “to die”.Aunt Mary, who lives in India, told me that shaking hands or giving someone something with the left hand is a taboo there.In Japan, people usually avoid stepping on t

32、he cloth(布布) border of a tatami mat(榻榻米榻榻米), which is considered bad luck.注：另附注：另附wordword文档，文档，点此链接。点此链接。1. Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy to let a particular school become a front-runner early on in your decision-making process , but be sure to carefully evaluate every school

33、 _ has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school. （2021年八省联考语言运用第二节）年八省联考语言运用第二节）that解析：解析：空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，从句修饰先行词从句修饰先行词school；当先行词前有；当先行词前有all, every, any 等不定代词修饰时，关系代词用等不定代词修饰时，关系代词用that。用适当的关系词填空。用适当的关系词填空。2. BMI is an internationally reco

34、gnized measurement tool _ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. （2021年年1月浙江卷语言运用第二节）月浙江卷语言运用第二节）that/which解析：解析：空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，而先行词作主语，而先行词tool为物，故此处要填关系为物，故此处要填关系代词代词that或或which。3. Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skate

35、boarding, _ the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. （2021年全国甲卷阅读理解年全国甲卷阅读理解C篇）篇）where解析：解析：整句的谓语是整句的谓语是is，at an eastern bend in the Thames是后置定语，修饰主语是后置定语，修饰主语Southbank; 空处空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主语引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主语Southbank，并在从句中作地点状语，故填并在从句中作地点状语，故填where。4. When the explorers first set

36、foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers _ followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 2021新高考新高考卷卷阅读理解阅读理解C篇篇who解析：解析：空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词空处引导限制性定

37、语从句，修饰先行词the explorers and the settlers，并在定语从句中，并在定语从句中作主语，故填作主语，故填who。It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break, for which I had no plans beyond listening to my favorite records.翻译句子。翻译句子。在我们春假期间，市中心的工厂碰巧需要八个在我们春假期间，市中心的工厂碰巧需要八个孩子来短期帮忙，那个假期我除了听

38、我最喜欢孩子来短期帮忙，那个假期我除了听我最喜欢的唱片外没有别的计划。的唱片外没有别的计划。for which引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句（2021年新高考年新高考I卷完型填空）卷完型填空）1. Many lessons are now available online, from _ students can choose for free. 2020江苏卷江苏卷 A. whose B. which C. when D. whom2. Dr. Rowan, _ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own

39、typing. 2020天津高考真题天津高考真题 A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which3. We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true. 2019江苏卷江苏卷单项填空单项填空 A. which B. what C. when D. that选择最佳选项。选择最佳选项。1. The naughty boy told the headmaster everything _ was connected with the theft. 2. Through

40、my stay in Montreal, I met lots of Chinese people _ are struggling to succeed and then lead a better life in Canada.3. I didnt buy the cellphone, _ price was too high for me. 4. More importantly, there are teachers online to _ you can turn for help when you have problems. 5. The collection operation

41、s finished on Dec 2, taking about 19 hours, _ was much quicker than expected.I. 用适当的关系词填空。用适当的关系词填空。thatthat/whowhosewhomwhich6. Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.7. In the U.S., the fourth Thursday in November is called Thanksgiving Day, _ Americans give

42、 thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year. 8. One reason _ the course is so popularis that it provides people with more knowledge. 9. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of_ sat a small boy.wherewhenwhywhich. .用定语从句合并句子。用定语从句合并句子。1. Do you remember the village? We worked in the v

43、illage for five years.2. No one believed the reason. Tony was late for school this morning for this reason.3. Sunday is a day. Very few people go to work on this day.Do you remember the village where/in which we worked for five years?No one believed the reason why/for which Tom was late for school t

44、his morning.Sunday is a day when/on which very few people go to work.4. Do you know the lady? Our English teacher is taking a photo of her.5. Canada is a country. English and French are spoken as official languages in this country.6. Mr. Lins son is in New York at the moment. His work takes him all

45、over the world.Do you know the lady of whom our English teacher is taking a photo?Canada is a country where/in which English and French are spoken as official languages.Mr. Lins son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.7. Sue and her friend bicycle to work. It helps

46、 them keep fit.8. We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday. The weather may be better on that day.9. They reached Beijing yesterday. A meeting will be held there.They reached Beijing yesterday, where a meeting will be held.Sue and her friend bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.We will ha

47、ve a picnic in the park this Sunday, when the weather may be better.III. 用适当的关系词完成短文。用适当的关系词完成短文。 In December, 2020, Zhang Guimei, 1. _ isprinciple of Huaping Senior High School for Girls, was honoured with the title “Role Model for the Times” in recognition of her devotion to education for girls. Z

48、hang used to be an ordinary teacher and lived a peaceful life. However, her husband died of cancer, 2. _ made her very sad and hopeless. Later, she went to a remote school in Huaping, 3. _ she lived alone. One day, on her way to a students home, Zhang noticed a girl sitting on the hillside. whowhich

49、whereThe girl, 4. _ was only 13, told Zhang she was about to get married, 5. _ gave her a great surprise. Zhang went to the girls house and tried to persuade her parents to let her return to school. However, they didnt agree. And then Zhang was determined to found a high school, 6. _ goal was to pro

50、vide free education for girls. In 2008, Huaping Senior High School for Girls, 7. _ is a free public high school, was founded. More than 1,800 graduates have been admitted to college since the school was built, 8. _ is regarded as a miracle in the remote area.whowhichwhosewhichwhich1. Can you tell th