Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 单元词汇详解 ppt课件-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语高一必修第三册.pptx

1、牛津英语单元词汇详解必修 第三册Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world1. republic /rpblk/ n. 共和国，共和政体C（44）2. *Malaria /mleri/ n. 疟疾U（44）3. deadly /dedli/ adj. 致命的；十足的，彻底的（44）【原句背诵】Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the Peoples Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution

2、 to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history.【联想拓展】independent republics 独立的共和国republican n. 共和主义者；（美国）共和党党员C adj. 共和国的；共和政体的republicanism n. 共和主义；共和政治Urepublicanize vt. 使成共和国；实行共和政体 vi. 倾向共和a deadly weapon/disease 致命的武器疾病deadly poison 致命毒药dead adj. 死的，去世的；无生气的，死气沉沉的

3、【经典例句】In 1918, Austria became a republic. 1918年奥地利成为共和国。The cobra（眼镜蛇） is one of the worlds deadliest snakes. 眼镜蛇是世界上毒性最剧烈的蛇类之一。【链接高考】（2020天津卷）The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.LRAD发出的噪音就像一束光，只进入那个人的耳朵，但并不致命。 （

4、2013四川卷）LONDON A British judge on Thursday sentenced a businessman who sold fake bomb detectors (探测器) to 10 years in prison, saying the man hadnt cared about potentially deadly consequences. 伦敦周四，一名英国法官判处一名出售假炸弹探测器的商人10年监禁，称该男子不关心潜在的致命后果。 4. survival /svav()l/ n. 生存，存活U；残存物，幸存事物C（44）【原句背诵】Thanks to

5、her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival.【联想拓展】the struggle/battle/fight for survival 为生存而斗争/战斗/拼搏survival rate 存活率chance of survival 存活的希望the survival of the fittest 适者生存survival from. .的幸存事物survive vi. & vt. 生存survive on. =

6、 live on. 依靠.生活survivor n. 幸存者C【误区】注意从动词survive到名词survival的词形变化！动词去e加-al变成名词的还有： survive survival 幸存 remove removal 移动refuse refusal 拒绝 propose proposal 建议,提议arrive arrival 到达 approve approval 赞成【经典例句】Exporting is necessary for our economic survival. 必须有出口，才能维持我们的经济。Global warming has posed a seriou

7、s threat to the survival of animals such as polar bears. 全球变暖对北极熊等动物的生存造成了严重威胁。If cancers are spotted early theres a high chance of a patients survival. 如果癌症早被发现，病人存活的机率就高。【链接高考】（2021新高考卷I）In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took

8、firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. 1934年，随着候鸟狩猎印花税法案(Act)的通过，一个日益受到关注的国家采取了坚定的行动，制止对候鸟和对它们的生存至关重要的湿地的破坏。 （2021新高考卷I）Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. 猎人愿意支付邮票的价格，以确保我们的自然资

9、源的生存。 （2017北京卷）Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.专家说帕里斯是对的: 对于突发性心力衰竭，唯一最好的存活机会是附近有人迅速介入并做心肺复苏。 5. province /prvns/ n. 省份C（44）【原句背诵】Born in 1930, in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Tu studied med

10、icine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.【联想拓展】central/coastal provinces 中部/沿海省份provincial adj. 省的；外省的，地方的provincial capital 省会provincialism n. 方言；地方风格；乡下习气6. broad /brd/ adj. 广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的（44）【原句背诵】She completed further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine, acquiring a

11、 broad knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.【联想拓展】a broad knowledge of. 广泛的.知识in a broad sense 广义上讲broad daylight 光天化日；公开地broad and wide 全部；全体broadly adv. 明显地；宽广地broaden v. 扩大；变阔；变宽breadth n. 宽度，幅度U；宽宏U【经典例句】A broad range of issues was discussed. 广泛的问题得到了讨论。The hills r

12、ise green and sheer above the broad river. 群山青翠，陡然屹立于宽阔的大河之上。There is broad support for the governments policies. 政府的政策得到了广泛的支持。She took a broad view of the duties of being a teacher. 她认为教师的职责范围很广。【链接高考】（2021天津卷）They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective

13、 （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）. 他们是有能力、有才华、有热情的人，他们可以把自己广阔的视角带入特定的专业领域。 （2019北京卷）Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and shes also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile. 摩尔对她制作的糖果很有热情，她对未来可能带来的东西也很乐观。

14、 她希望每个孩子都能有干净的嘴巴和灿烂的笑容。 7. intend /ntend/ vt. & vi. 想要，计划；意指（44）【原句背诵】Tus education was soon to prove very useful. In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease.【联想拓展】intend to do sth/doing sth 打算做.intend sb to do s

15、th 打算让某人做某事be intended to do sth 为了做.be intended for 专门为.准备/打算（表示目的）intention n 目的，意图C,Uhave the intention of. 有.的意图/目的have no intention of (doing) sth 无意.with the intention of. 带着.的意图 the intention to do sth/of doing sth 做.的意图/打算【误区】注意从动词intend到名词intention的词形变化！【经典例句】The company intends a slow-down

16、 in expansion overseas. 公司准备放慢海外扩展速度。 What do you intend doing when you get to this place? 你打算到这里干什么？We completed the project later than we had intended. 我们完成工程已超出原定时间。This money is intended for the development of the tourist industry. 这笔钱是准备用于发展旅游业的。It is intended that production will start at the

17、end of the month. 计划月底将开始生产。【链接高考】（2020天津卷）Making a full-length clay(粘土) figure would not exhaust my strength-and that is what I intend to do! 做一个全身的泥人不会耗尽我的力气这正是我打算做的! （2019北京卷）We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches

18、intended to prevent scammers from getting through.我们终于意识到问题的严重性，通过配套和研发一组工具、应用程序和方法，旨在防止骗子通过。 （2016江苏卷）They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. 他们积极地寻求成为“我们”的一部分，这是一个旨在为共同目标而努力的群体。 8. extract /ekstrkt/ n. 提取物U,C；选录C /kstrkt/ vt. 提取；选录；取出；设法得到（45）9.

19、herb /hb/ n. 药草，香草；草本C（45）【原句背诵】She collected over 2,000 traditional Chinese medical recipes for malaria treatment and made hundreds of extracts from different herbs. 【联想拓展】the extract from sth .的选录/提取物extract from. 从.提取Chinese medicinal herb 中草药herbal adj. 药草的；香草的herbalist n. 草药医生；药草商；药草栽培者C【经典例句】S

20、he bought a bottle of face cream containing natural plant extracts. 她买了一瓶含有天然植物提取物的面霜。Citric acid can be extracted from the juice of oranges, lemons, limes or grapefruit. 柠檬酸可以从橙汁、柠檬汁、酸橙汁或柚子汁中提取。The following extract is taken from her new novel. 下面一段摘自她的新小说。【链接高考】（2015浙江卷）As I watch her chase after

21、a squirrel, throwing her whole being into the here-and-now of an exercise that has never once ended in victory, she reminds me, too, that no matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future , theres almost always some measure of joy to be extracted from the moment. 我看着她追逐一只松鼠, 全身心投入“当下”的运动，从

22、未成功过, 但是她提醒了我，不管现在是多么困难或者将来是多么的难以预计，总是有一些得到快乐的方法。10. refer /rf(r)/ to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及（45） 【原句背诵】When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.【联想拓展】refer. to. 将. 送交.refer to. as. 称. 为.reference n 参考；参考书；提及in/with reference to 关于

23、【误区1】在refer to中，to是介词，其后要接名词、代词或动词-ing。【误区2】refer的现在分词是referring，过去式和过去分词分别是referred, referred。【经典例句】He referred briefly to his notebook. 他迅速查看了一下他的笔记。In his speech, the professor referred to a recent trip to Canada. 在他的演讲中，教授提到了最近的加拿大之行。The star refers to items which are intended for the advanced l

24、earner. 标有星号的项目是给高阶学习者的。Do you think its reliable to refer to rating websites? 你认为参考评级网站可靠吗？They can also refer to pop culture and new cultural trends. 它们也可以指流行文化和新文化趋势。Marcia refers to Tom as a dear friend. 玛西娅把汤姆称为好朋友。【链接高考】（2019全国卷II）The trend, then, was toward the penny papera term referring to

25、papers made widely available to the public. 当时的趋势是“便士报”指的是公众可以广泛获得的报纸。 （2018全国卷III）Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture on February 28. 他们的努力是卓有成效的。 2

26、月28日，49岁的中国建筑师王澍获得了2012年普利兹克建筑奖它被认为是建筑界的诺贝尔奖。 （2018全国卷III）“Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, ” he said. “很多中国人对传统有误解。

27、 他们认为传统意味着来自过去的旧事物。 事实上，传统也指那些一直在发展和仍在被创造的东西。” 11. experiment /kspermnt/ n. 实验，试验；尝试，实践C,U vi. 做试验，进行实验；尝试（45）【原句背诵】Inspired by an over 1,600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not t

28、o damage its effective part. On 4 October 1971, after 190 failures, she succeeded in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice.【联想拓展】to do/carry out/perform/conduct an experiment 做实验an experiment on sth 关于.的实验design of experiment 实验设计control experiment 对照实验experiment with 进行实验；试用experi

29、mental adj. 实验性的，试验性的experimentally adv. 实验上；用实验方法；实验式地【经典例句】Many people do not like the idea of experiments on animals. 许多人不赞成在动物身上做试验。 The astronauts are conducting a series of experiments to learn more about how the body adapts to weightlessness. 那些宇航员正在进行一系列实验，以便更多地了解人体如何适应失重状态。Some people feel

30、that experimenting on animals is wrong. 有人觉得利用动物做试验是错误的。In 2016 the team started experimenting with new hybrid rice in their test fields. 2016年袁隆平团队开始在实验田里试种新型杂交水稻。He wanted to experiment more with different textures in his paintings.他想在绘画中尝试不同的材质。 【链接高考】（2020新课标卷I）One of his latest projects has bee

31、n to make plants glow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. 他最近的一个项目是用一些普通蔬菜在实验中让植物发光。（2020山东卷）To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments. 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的效果，研究人员进行了两个实验。（2016浙江卷）Instead, babies may form an understanding of object supp

32、ort through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. 相反，婴儿可能会通过重复的实验形成对物体支持的理解，然后在此基础上学习更多关于物体如何相互作用的知识。 12. trial /tral/ n. 试用，试验C,U；审讯，审判U,C；考验 vi. & vt. 测试，试验（45）【参考词条21】13. limited /lmtd/ adj. 有限的（45）【原句背诵】However, it was hard to produc

33、e enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 【联想拓展】be on trial 试用/受审a clinical trial 临床试验the trials on. 在.身上进行的实验trial and error 反复试验；尝试错误法limit vt. 限制，限定，限量limit. to. 把.限制在.;把.局限于.limit sb. to (doing) sth 限制某人(做)某事 n. 限度，限制；限量，限额Cbeyond the limit 超过限度without li

34、mit 无限制地 set a limit to 设.的限度limitless adj. 无限制的；无界限的【经典例句】The new drug is undergoing clinical trials. 这种新药正在进行临床试验。We had the machine on trial for a week. 这台机器我们已经试用了一个星期。They may only have a limited amount of time to get their points across. 他们可能只有有限的时间来阐述清楚他们的观点。We are doing our best with the lim

35、ited resources available. 我们尽最大的努力利用可获得的有限资源。Tickets are limited and will be allocated to those who apply first. 票数有限，将分配给那些先申请的人。【链接高考】（2021天津卷）A trial project by the Montreal Childrens Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. 蒙特利尔儿童医院(Montre

36、al Childrens Hospital)的一项试验项目表明，医学催眠可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。 （2019北京卷）With her dads permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. 在父亲的允许下，她花了两年时间在网上搜索，并进行试验，以获得既美味又健康牙齿的食谱。 （2021浙江卷）Families are pressed for time, many w

37、ith both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport. 许多家庭时间紧迫，许多父母都在工作以支付他们的房子，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，由于公共交通有限，他们居住在汽车依赖的社区。 （2015上海卷）At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art

38、supplies dropped from the sky. 在那时，表达方式的方法有限，雪就像是来自于天空的一种自由艺术。14. household /hashld/ adj. 家庭的，家用的，家务的 n. 一家人，家庭C（45）15. container /knten(r)/ n. 容器C；集装箱，货柜C【原句背诵】When there was no research equipment, they had to extract herbs using household water containers.【联想拓展】low-income household 低收入家庭one-parent

39、 household 单亲家庭pressure container 压力容器，耐压容器container transport 集装箱运输a container ship 集装箱船contain vt. 包含，包括；克制contain oneself 克制自己【经典例句】Many household products are potentially harmful. 很多家用产品有潜在的害处。Food will last longer if kept in an airtight container. 食物如果贮藏在密封的容器里，就能长久保持。 16. postpone /pspn/ vt. 延

40、迟，延期（=put off/delay）17. sufficient /sfnt/ adj. 足够的，充足的18. data /det/ n. 数据，资料，材料u,pl.【原句背诵】Even with large amounts of qinghao extract produced, however, they still faced another problem. The trials on patients were likely to be postponed because they did not have sufficient safety data.【联想拓展】postpon

41、e sth (to/until sth) 将某物推迟到.postpone doing sth 推迟做某事more than sufficient 绰绰有余self sufficient 自给自足的；极为自负的sufficiently adv 足够地；充足地sufficiency n. 足量，充足；自满data base 数据库data collection 数据收集data analysis 数据分析【误区1】postpone后要接动词-ing形式，即postpone doing sth。【误区2】data是复数名词，其单数形式是datum。【同义词】postpone的同义词（组）可以用del

42、ay, put off等。【反义词】sufficient的反义词是insufficient adj. 不充分的；不足的【经典例句】The game has already been postponed three times. 这场比赛已经三度延期了。Tom decided to postpone the expedition until the following day. 汤姆决定将探险活动推迟到第二天。It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital. 延迟兴建新医院的决定是不得人心的。The manag

43、er is reluctant to invest in sufficient training for his staff. 经理不愿意为员工提供足够的培训。It is not easy to draw a conclusion without sufficient evidence. 没有足够的证据很难得出结论。19. speed up （使）加速（45）【原句背诵】To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves

44、first.【联想拓展】speed by 很快地过去，飞逝at a speed of. 以.的速度a speed of 50 mph/80 kph 每小时50英里80公里的速度with great speed 快速地at high/low/full/top speed 以高低全最高速speed limit/restriction 限速【同义词（组）】gain speed 加速 pick up speed 加速【反义词（组）】slow down 减速【经典例句】New technology could speed up the task. 新的技术将会加速这项任务的进程。The governme

45、nt has already taken steps to speed up a solution to the problem. 政府已经采取措施加快解决这个问题。20. pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的（45）【原句背诵】 The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off.【联想拓展】pay off 付清；偿清 ；付清工资后解雇；遣散pay off debts 清偿债务pay sb off 付清工资后解雇；遣散pay sb back (sth)/pay sth back (to sb)（向某人）还钱pay sb back (for sth)

46、 报复；惩罚pay for 付钱 【经典例句】Long-term stock investments can pay off. 长期的股票投资能有所回报。Sandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid off. 桑德拉决心成为一名医生，她的坚持不懈终于带来了成功。The firm will be able to pay off its debts and still turn a modest profit. 该公司将能够还清其债务，而且还会稍有赢利。【链接高考】（2012北京卷）In stressful si

47、tuations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win. 在压力大的情况下，冒险可以获得巨大的回报，男性可能会做得更好，但当谨慎更重要时，女性将胜出。 21. error /er(r)/ n. 错误，差错C,U（45） through trial and error 反复试验（45）【参考词条12】【原句背诵】In November 1972, through trial and error, they

48、successfully discovered qinghaosu-the most effective part of the qinghao extract.【联想拓展】in error 错误地make/commit an error 犯错误an error in (doing) sth 某事上的错误human error 人为错误trial and error 反复试验；尝试错误法【经典例句】NASA discovered a mathematical error in its calculations. 美国国家航空航天局发现了其计算中的一个数学错误。Theres no instant

49、 way to success - its just a process of trial and error. 成功不可能一蹴而就这只是一个反复尝试的过程。Recent studies tell us that learning is enhanced through trial and error. 近来的研讨成果告诉我们，经过反复的尝试和错误，学习效果能得到加强。【链接高考】（2017天津卷）Keep the tone measured: dont handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your e

50、rror suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). 语气要有节制: 不要太轻率，因为别人可能会觉得被冒犯了，尤其是当你的错误表明你误解了他们的文化时 (比如，中国名字的顺序不正确)。 22. wisdom /wzdm/ n. 智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智U（45）23. beneficial /benfl/ adj. 有益的，有用的（45）【原句背诵】Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on t