Unit 1 Grammar and usage ppt课件-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语必修第三册.rar

Unit1 Nature in the balance Grammar and usageLook，Kitty and Peter are talking on the the WeChat.10Peter Hello，Peter.Hello, Kitty.The Amazon rainforest has been damaged a lot by human activites.Do you have any ideas to improve the situation? Yes,I do.What?For example,we should save drinking water and protect wild animals.PeterYes, I absolutely agree.Tomorrow, I will go to see a film about protecting our earth.Would you like to go with me?Sure, I d love to.Great, see you tomorrowSee you.Look，Kitty and Peter are talking on the the WeChat.Peter10 Hello，Peter.Hello, Kitty.The Amazon rainforest has been damaged a lot by human activites.Do you have any ideas to improve the situation? Yes,I do.What?For example,we should save drinking water and protect wild animals.PeterYes, I absolutely agree.Tomorrow, I will go to see a film about protecting our earth.Would you like to go with me?Sure, I d love to.Great, see you tomorrowSee you.Ellipsis1.What is ellipsis?2.What function does it have?3.Where can we use it?A Exploring the rules Hi,Herry! Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday? (1) No, I didnt. What a pity! I highlyrecommend it! (2)You can watch it online if you want to.Its about some of the worst environmental problems were facing today. Global warming,for example,is a major problem caused by greenhouse gases.It may lead to extreme weather events:droughts,heatwaves and so on. (3)I felt worried when watching the documentary. Does it also talk about solutions to problems? Yes. It includes interviews with more than 20 of the worlds leading experts on environmental issues.All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems.(4)Some call for the application of modern technology,and othrs a chance of lifestyle. I wish we could also do something to help.(5)Got any ideas? What about making a brochure about environmental problems? (6)Sounds great! Lets get started after lunch.Jack:Herry:Jack:Henry:Jack:Herry:Jack:Herry:No, I didnt ( )You can watch it online if you want to( )I felt worried when( ) watching the documentary.Some call for te application of modern technology, and others( )a change of lifestyle.( )Got any ideas?( )Sounds great!Watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday.watch itI wascall for Have youIt/That1.What is ellipsis?Ellipsis is a rhetorical device.2.What function does it have?To avoid repeating one or one more words when the meaning is clear.Working out the rules3.Where can we use it?We canuse ellipsis: in short responses;in infinitives;after some conjunctions like if,when,and while;in clauses with the same pattern and the same verbs;at the beginning of a sentences in informal speech.功能词功能词句子成分句子成分句 子习 惯省省略略功能词的省略1.冠词的省略冠连 、介连 、连连 等虚连 的省略Father likes sports,but Mother likes watching TV.Grandpa is over ninety,buthe is full of energy.(1)表示家庭成员、亲属关系的人，可以省略其前的冠词。把该词大写，作为专有名词看待。He is captain of the basketball team.My brother was elected dean of the physics department.(2)表示独一无二的头衔或者职位名称。作同位语、表语、宾语补足语等时，其前常省略定冠词。（3）两个并列名词前面都有冠词的时候，第二个名词前面的冠词常被省略。Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?Both the rich and (the ) poor are living a harmonious life. 注意：有些句子如果省略了第二个冠词，会被误认为指注意：有些句子如果省略了第二个冠词，会被误认为指同一个人，省略时应注意。同一个人，省略时应注意。E.gE.g TheyThey areare thethe gardenergardener andand thethe gatekeeper.gatekeeper.Girl as/though she is,Rose has managed to swim across the river.Expensice book as it is,I have made up my mind to buy it.(4) as/though引导的让步状语从句中，单数可数名词作表语放在句首，之前不用冠词。2.介词的省略You may come here (on) any day.Ill go to see you (in) next week.I didnt go to school (on) that day.（1）具有时间意义的名词，如morning,day,afternoon,night,week,month,year,century等之前有any,every,next,first,laaast,this,that,following等加以修饰，在句中作时间状语时，可以省去相应的介词。I stayed in Washington (for) four years.The fire lasted (for) many hours.The workers work (for) forty hours a week.（2）在某些时间段短语前及last,wait,live,sat等持续性动词之后或一些具有“位移”含义的动词，如run,travel,walk,advance等之后，表示持续时间或位移距离的for通常要省略。 注意：在句首或在否定句中时，注意：在句首或在否定句中时，“for+“for+一段时间一段时间”短语中不能省略短语中不能省略forforE.gE.g ForFor a a wholewhole yearyear, , I I waswas helpinghelping mymy daddad onon thethe farm.farm. I I haventhavent heardheard fromfrom himhim forfor a a longlong timetime. .（3）of 在与age,size,colour,height,material,shape等表示大小，长短，颜色，年龄，形状，高度等的名词连用时，常可省略。They have a daughter (of) my age.The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size. 在在atat thethe ageage ofof 短语中，短语中，thethe与与ofof 可同时省略。可同时省略。E.g.E.g. AtAt (the)(the) ageage (of)(of) 14,I14,I becamebecame a a studentstudent ofof YaleYale University.University. 在在havehave nono ideaidea ofof 中，中，ofof后如果是后如果是“wh-“wh-疑问词疑问词”引导的从句或者引导的从句或者“wh-“wh-疑问词疑问词+ +不定式不定式”，ofof常省略。常省略。YouYou havehave nono ideaidea (of)(of) whatwhat anan excellentexcellent concertconcert itit is.is.I live near (to) the museum.(4)在near to 中可省略介词to（5）in.way; in.style中的in 可省略。Follow me (in) this way,please.Lets cook (in) Sichuan style.Shall we meet (at) seven oclock tomorrow evening?He arrived here (at) about ten.（6）时间状语at.oclock中，at可以省略，若没有oclock，但前面有about,around,nearly等表示“大约”意义的副词修饰，也可省略at。There is no use (in) doing arguing with him.There is no good (in) gossiping here.There is no advantage (in) going so early.There is no sense (in) beating about the bush.There is no poingt (in) arguing with him.There is no pleasure (in) having nothing to do.There is no(some/much/a little/a lot of.) 后接表示“用途，好处、利益、作用、道理、意义、乐趣”等含义的不可数名词，后面可接in doing sth.或doing sth.。常见的不可数名词有：use,good,sense,point,fun,pleasure,advantage等。have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.spend/waste/pass some time (in) doing sth.stop/prevent .(from) doing sth.end up.(by)doing sth.take turns (at) doing sth.be busy (in) doing sth.have a good/pleasant/hard time (in) doing sth.做某事有困难花费/浪费/度过一些时间做某事阻止.做某事以做某事结束.轮流做某事忙于做某事做某事过的很愉快/艰难固定搭配中介词的省略3.连词和关系代词的省略My niece is not only lively,but she is (also) intelligent.Whether the star will be present (or not) is not known yet.I hope (that) I may have the pleasure of seeing you again.Should it rain tomorrow,the conference would be put off.Hes the child (who/whom) the rescue team saved.虚拟语气(将来)，should 放句首，省略 if4.动词不定式的省略Dont tell me the name of your girlfriend if you dont want to.Im very sorry to have hurt you,but I dont mean to.-Would you like to come with me?-Id love to.-Have you ever been to the seaside?-No,we cant afford to为避免重复，常常省略上文已经提到的动词不定，只保留to即可(tell me the name of your girlfriend.)(hurt you.)come.go to the seaside.What is the similarity among the ellipsis of the infinitives?这种情况尤其发生在含有hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer等动词后，以及used to,ought to,have to,would like to,love to固定句式的情况下。-Would you like to gi with me?-Im willing to,but I have to finish my homework.-Will you go for a walk?-Im glad to.在形容词happy,glad,eager,anxious,willingready,pleased,afraid等后面接动词不定时时，可以省略不定式符号to后面的成分。Ill do what you told me to.She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to.The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his mother asked him not to.He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.如果不定式作了tell,ask,warn,order,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,expect,force,invite 等动词的宾补时往往也省掉to后面的分，只保留to即可。句子成分的省略(You）Just wait here until he comes.(You) Want a hand.?(I)Beg your pardon.(It) Sounds like a good idea.一般情况下，主语不能省略，但在祈使句中，主语通常省略。此外，在其他不引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略。2.谓语动词的省略My brother is a doctor while my sister (is) a teacher.They learn French and we (learn) English.We call this boy Tom and (call) that boy John.为了避免与前面的谓语动词重复，常省略后面的谓语或者谓语的一部分。3.助动词的省略You (had) better have another try.Hey,look!Where (are) you giong?在口语中经常省略助动词。4.表语的省略He said he was sleepy.But he wasnt (sleepy).This song is his most wonderful(song) to hear.上下文中相似的表语可以省略。作表语的名词中心词也可以省略。5.系动词的省略Everthing (is) in good condition.(Are) You hungry?口语中，系动词省略是为了方便交流。6.宾语的省略She opened (the door) and closed the door for me.当两个或者两个以上的谓语动词接同一个宾语时，省略除最后一个动词宾语以外的所有宾语。6.定语的省略I like fresh milk and (fresh) butter.They are workers (of this factory) and technicians of this factory. “承前”省略7.状语的省略They are workers (of this factory) and technicians of this factory.“启后”省略句子的省略句子的省略，主要指“主语+部分谓语动词”的省略。1.在某些状语从句中，当其主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可以把从句主语（一般是代词充当 ）及be动词一起省略。旨在使句子更加简洁和生动。这个规则必须满足三个条件：（1）限于某些状语从句；（2）主、从句的主语必须一致；（3）有be动词，这个be动词可以是系动词，可以是进行时态中的be，也可以是被动语态中的be。（1）时间状语从句中，省略“主语+be”：When (she was) veery young, she began to learn play the violin.Tom likes to listen to music while (he is) reading.When (I was ) in trouble,I turned to her for help.If (he is) guven more time,he will do the work better.Unless (you are) here,you cant find this kind of plants.(2) 条件状语从句中，省略“主语+be”Though (he is ) a young man,he has made several inventions.He is a good man,though sometimes(he is) rather dull.3.让步状语从句中，省略“主语+be”The expression appears as (it is) shown below.She stood at the gate as if(she was) waiting for some.4.方式状语从句中，省略“主语+be”I know you better than (I know) him.She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.(5) 比较状语从句中省略相关成分： 由than或as引导的比较状语从句，在意义明确的情况下，可以省略than或as后面的相应成分。-Who did it? -Oscar. -What did you get? -A dictionary.（7）只保留一个成分。在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只将提问的部分答案答出，其他部分省略。习惯上的省略If possible, come and see me next Friday.When necessary,we will take on more workers.possible/necessary结构possible/necessary与if,when,where,whenever,wherever连用已成为习惯用语。as.as possible 结构Id prefer you to speak as slowly as possible.Please return the book as soon as possible.这个结构常表达“尽可能.”之意IIf only I could speak French.If only I knew his phone number.if only句式if only 后常加一个虚拟条件句，表示“要是.就好了”，省略主句。What if we cant find the lost car?What if she doesnt come on time tomorrow ?what if句式此结构用来表达“即使/要是.怎么样/怎么办”。相当于“What will happen if.”。I can make it Friday.How about Saturday?How about having a walk?what about 和how about句式常用来提出建议或征求对方意见。It is so cold here.Why stand here so long?You can;t find a job here.Why not try anothre city?why/why not句式why/why not 后常跟动词原形，用来询问“为什么”或”为什么不”。有时含有强烈的反问或者建议的口气。Practice :choose the right one from the two .1.-Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?-Yes._,Im going to visit some hoems for the old in the city.(If Im possible;If possible)2.They advised me not to say anything at the meeting until_.(I am asked;asked to)3.-You must obey every word of mine.-_I dont?(If only;What if)4.-Should I look up each word that I dont understand?-No,turn to your dictionary only when_.(it is needed;necessary)5.-Why didnt you come to Mikes birthday party yesterday?-Well. I _，but I forgotnit.(should;should have)6.To tell the truth,I wont go to the party_.(even if invited;if invited )7.Although _to stop,he kept on working.(told;he is told)8.We dont go to the cinema as much as_(we used to go;we used to)9.-You look happy today,Mary. -I like my new dress and Mother_,too.(likes;does)10.Look out for cars_the street. (when crossed;when crossing.)