托福阅读十大题型解题方法课件.pptx

1、TOEFL READING Final十大题型解题方法Reading measures the ability to understand academic reading matter准确、迅速准确、迅速把握关键信息的能力把握关键信息的能力托福阅读考试简介 四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。 文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。 除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。 词汇词汇 句子句子理解理解 句间关系句间关系 文章结构文章结构 托福阅托福阅读是以读是

2、以句子句子为为核心的考试核心的考试 (单词单词+句法句法) 词汇题 指代题 事实信息题（细节题） 否定事实信息题（选非题） 句子简化题 推断题 修辞目的题（作者意图题） 句子插入题 文章小结题 / 图表题考查重点考查重点十大题型十大题型出题方出题方式式The word“X” in the passage is closest in meaning to 考考查查关关键键理解单词在语境中的含义 词汇量要求 8000+ 背单词！ 词汇题做法Paleontologist PaleontologySkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilobiteAr

3、thropodJurassicCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-bloodedstresseddessertsPotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentSproutOreKiln词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它 认识1. 直接选 + 带回文章确认2. 选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断 + 带回文章确认 不认识1.

4、 词根词缀2. 回文章找同、反义对应认识褒义色彩TPO 1-2-1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported认识褒义色彩TPO 1-2-1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported认识贬义色彩TPO 3-3-10. The word “pales” in the passage is close

5、st in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common认识贬义色彩TPO 3-3-10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common词根词缀TPO 1-1-7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change

6、 separate surround词根词缀TPO 1-1-7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change separate surroundover 在上面 lie 躺着 覆盖同义概念TPO 3-3-1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complexand their particular structure depends on the specifi

7、c history of the area. 同义概念TPO 3-3-1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complexand their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. 反义概念TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believabl

8、e debatable predictableAnother seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect. 反义概念TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictableAnother seemingly plausible exp

9、lanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect. 出题方式出题方式The word “X”in the passage refers to 考查关考查关键键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握） 应对技应对技巧巧往前找，两个一致1. 数量单、复数2. 性质动作发出者的特性非代词TPO 1-1-5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to fast r

10、ivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciers-The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that deposited - particlessand grains and tiny pebbles非代词TPO 1-1-5. The phrase “glacial outwas

11、h” in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciers- The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash- particlessand grains and tiny pebbles代词TPO 1-2-5. The word

12、“this” in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forcesBut the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even

13、come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs代词TPO 1-2-5. The word “this” in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forcesBut the my

14、ths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs出题方式出题方式 According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X? The authors description of X mentions whic

15、h of the following? According to the paragraph, X occurs because According to the paragraph, X did Y because According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系考查关键考查关键 迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息 准确判断选项对信息的转化常常见错误选项特征见错误选项特征 无中生有 信息杂糅 直接相反 答非所问做题技巧做题技巧 准确理解题干 根据题干中的关键词定位原文 读取原文

16、相关信息（通常1-2句话） 判断选项正误题干题干 原文原文 选项选项Example 1.TPO 3-3-6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? They are more resilient than pioneer communities. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly

17、 after major disturbances. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack o

18、f change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind o

19、f stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.Example 1. 定位 CCExample 1. 读懂原文 In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable In tha

20、t case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stableExample 1. 选出答案 They are more resilient than pioneer communities. （信息杂糅） They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.（直接相反） They a

21、re the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.（直接相反）Example 2. TPO 8-2-1. According to paragraph 1, which of the winters were very cold. following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate? Summers were very warm and Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature

22、 changes. The climate was very similar to todays climate. The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.Example 2. 定位 LC climateParagraph 1: Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in

23、 the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence

24、 preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than todays. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, k

25、eeping it relatively constant.Example 2. 读懂原文 the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than todays milder 更温和Example 2. 选出答案 Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.（直接相反） Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes. （答非所问） The climate was very similar to todays climat

26、e.（信息杂糅） The climate did not change dramatically from season to season. did not change dramatically = milder定定位位1) 好找原则2) 手比眼快3) 题干中的 X4) 有特点的词转转化化1) 同意转化2) 侧面转化3) 概括转化题题干干原原文文Example 3.TPO 9-1-11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization

27、of America dating as far back as 16,000 years ago 14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years agoExample 3. 通过选项特征定位Paragraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in sout

28、heastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough

29、food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for peo

30、ple to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.Example 3.TPO 9-1-11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as

31、16,000 years ago 14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years ago定位原则补充定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位 与细节题直接相反考考查关键查关键 迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息 准确判断选项对信息的转化 表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征选项特征 无中生有 信息杂糅 直接相反 答非所问选非题选非题 出题方式出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志1. NOT true 一般直接相反2. allEXCEPT 答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反3. NOT mentioned 无中生有，信息杂糅Example 4. NOT trueTPO

32、 3-3-2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? They occur at the end of a succession. They last longer than any other type of community. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a tim

33、e.Example 4. 根据题干找CCParagraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in

34、a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax

35、 communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.Example 4. NOT trueTPO 3-3-2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? They occur at the end of a succession. They last longer than any other type of community. The numbers

36、 of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.（直接相反） They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.Example 4. 根据选项定位原文Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succ

37、ession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to c

38、hange over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.Example 5. EXCEPTTPO10-1-5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the c

39、eramic industry in China EXCEPT: The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality. Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors. Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were. The Song dynasty period was notable for the producti

40、on of high quality porcelain ceramics.Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stoneware were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were produc

41、ing high-fired ceramics of good quality. White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradi

42、tion of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stoneware or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb m

43、odels of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic valu

44、e.Example 5. EXCEPTTPO10-1-5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT: The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality. Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors. Earthenware cera

45、mics were produced in China before stoneware were. The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Example 5. 根据选项定位原文Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature ston

46、eware were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the

47、 Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stone ware or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenwa

48、re burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised t

49、rail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.Example 5. EXCEPTTPO10-1-5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT: The earliest high-fired ceramics were of

50、poor quality. Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors. Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were. The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Example 6. NOT mentionedTPO4-1-12Whi