高考英语阅读理解之主旨大意课件.ppt

1、Reading Comprehension -How to get the main idea? ? As we all know, testing the reading ability of the students is the most important purpose in the college entrance examination. The problems designed in the papers relate to the testing of the abilities of inferring （推论）（推论）, getting the main idea of

2、 a passage, guessing the meaning of a word/phrase, telling different statements, deciding the authors attitude/purpose, and so on. So knowing the features and corresponding strategies of the reading comprehension part is very important and necessary. What is the purpose of my introduction ? 1、细节理解题(

3、questions of details) 2、词义猜测题(words in context) 3、推理判断题(questions of inference) 4、文脉结构题(context and structure) 5、主旨归纳题(main idea) Question forms: 1.主题类 （1).The main idea of the passage is _. (2). The passage is mainly about _. (3). What is the passage mainly about? (4). Which of the following statem

4、ent can best summarize/ sum up the main idea of the passage? (5). Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage? Question forms: 2.标题类 （1).The best title/headline for this passage might be_. (2).The text (Passage) could be entitled _. (3).What is the best title for the passage? (4).W

5、hich of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 3.作者意图类 (1).The authors main purpose in writing the passage is _.(2).The passage is meant to _. (3).The purpose of this article is _. (4). The authors purpose is to show _. Brainstorming: How can we get the main idea How can we get

6、the main idea of a passage? of a passage? How can we find out the topic sentence or main idea of a paragraph? 1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking al

7、so can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? （1分钟） health. 2 Often no one looks more

8、 guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try appearance. （1分钟） So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearanc

9、e. 3. What causes traffic jams? Too many cars, right? No! Some Brits are now saying that traffic lights are to blame for much of the congestion （交通拥挤）. They suggest that traffic lights be removed at busy roads. They believe people are a better judge of when its safe to go, not a traffic light progra

10、mmed by an absent regulator. 3. Which of the following is the best title? A.Dont Count On Traffic Lights B.New Traffic Systems Needed C.Turn Those Traffic Lights Off D.Let People Have More Say In Traffic 总-分分-分分 T.S. 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his

11、 graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. （2分钟） The main idea of this paragraph is that _. A. Tom, who had s

12、tudied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university. B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university. D. Tom received an excellent education. detail detail det

13、ail 主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种： ? 1. 概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。 ? 2. 概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。 ? 3. 无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。 Types Of Paragraph Structures Type The position of the topic sentence Information words At the beginning At the end In the middle No clear topic sentence besides, for exampl

14、e so, therefore, Sum them up by yourself But, however, actually Summary: How can we get the main idea of a passagea passage? first step: key paragraph(s) second step: key sentence(s) key word(s) Autonomous learning(guidance) Autonomous learning: Practice Don forget to underline key points & analyse

15、the structure ! 主要内容型主要内容型 这种类型的题的关键是找到主题句 （topic sentence）。主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或者没有主题句，需要根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的句首或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。 三、解题技巧 文首： 新闻报道、议论文 文末： 记叙文 说明文: 例子/假设 例子/假设后进入主题 没有主题句： 找反复出现的词语 判断文章体裁很重要！ Types Of Passage Structures Type Position of topic sentence in the

16、 first paragrah or the last paragraph in the first paragrah in the last paragraph in the middle General idea-Supporting details-Conclusion ( 总-分-总) General idea-Supporting details （总-分-分） Supporting details - Conclusion ( 分-分-总） Supporting details -Conclusion- Supporting details （分-总-分） Autonomous l

17、earning(guidance) 找主题句的小窍门找主题句的小窍门 1) 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨； 首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。 2) 作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词； 3) 段落中出现表转折的词语（如however, thus, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句； 例题一 Widespread media coverage has been given to a new pill to prevent heart disease and stroke.

18、 The Sun said the pill, called Ateronon, “could save thousands of lives”. The Daily Telegraph said that the new product contains a natural thing found in tomatoes that is a powerful antioxidant. The newspaper said the pill can prevent the bulid-up of fat. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How

19、 we can prevent heart disease. B. A new pill gets much media attention. C. The build-up of fat is harmful. D. A natural thing was found in tomatoes. 开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释 , 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。 体裁：新闻报道 例题二例题二：A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. I

20、t is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the s

21、outh. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is

22、at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunn

23、el, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the eve

24、nt of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. The passage is

25、 mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 体裁：说明文 没有主题句没有主题句 找反复出现的词语 文章标题型文章标题型 文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括，考查对全文中心思想的理解，因此，解答这类题的方法与解答主要内容题基本相同，都是寻找主题句，或归纳主要内容，但与之相对比，却具备了概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。 推敲选项正误的小窍门：推敲选项正误的小窍门： ?1) 正确选项

26、不出现细节信息。 ?2) 正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。 ?3) 正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。 ?4) 四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。 ?5) 干扰项特点：概括范围太窄，只含局部信息；概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。 例题一： 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV.

27、 Only 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and swit

28、ch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. (2 分钟) The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D.

29、 TV On Sale This sales method is called “bait and switch”. (detail) (detail) (detail) 诱售法 例题二：例题二： If cars had wings，they could fly and that just might happen, beginning in 2011.The company Terrafugia, based in Woburn, Massachusetts, says it plans to deliver its car-plane, the Transition, to custome

30、rs by the end of 2011. “Its the next wow vehicle，” said Terrafugia vice president Richard Gersh.“Anybody can buy a Ferrari, but as we say, Ferraris dont fly.” The car-plane has wings that unfold for flyinga process the company says takes one minuteand fold back up for driving. A runway is still requ

31、ired to take off and land. The Transition is being marketed more as a plane that drives than a car that flies, although it is both. The company has been working with FAA to meet aircraft regulations, and with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to meet vehicle safety regulations. The

32、company is aiming to sell the Transition to private pilots as a more convenient and cheaper way to fly. They say it saves you the trouble from trying to find another mode of transportation to get to and from airports: You drive the car to the airport and then youre good to go. When you land, you fol

33、d up the wings and hit the road. There are no expensive parking fees because you dont have to store it at an airportyou park it in the garage at home. 体裁：说明文 The car-plane is designed to fly primarily under 10,000 feet. It has a maximum take- off weight of 1,430 pounds, including fuel and passengers

34、. Terrafugia says the Transition reduces the potential for an accident by allowing pilots to drive under bad weather instead of flying into marginal conditions. The Transitions price tag: $194,000, But there may be additional charges for options like a radio, transponder or GPS. Another option is a

35、full- plane parachute. “If you get into a very awful situation, it is the necessary safety option，” Gersh said. So far, the company has more than 70 orders with deposits.“Were working very closely with them, but there are still some remaining steps,” Brown said. （ ） Whats the best title for the pass

36、age? ACars With Wings May Be Just Around the Corner BWhich to Choose: A Ferrari or a Car Plane? CA More Convenient and Cheaper Way to Fly DCars With Wings Can Fly as Fast as Planes 写作目的型写作目的型 这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meant to, （in order） to。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的写作目的，因此，文章的首尾段或每段的首

37、尾是阅读的重点，作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中。 与写作目的对应的文章如下：与写作目的对应的文章如下： ?1) to entertain readers（使读者愉悦、发笑）：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。 ?2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）：常见于广告或议论文。 ?3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。 例题一： How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation( 通货膨胀)? Lef

38、t in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here

39、I am going to offer personally consider are among the most interesting 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I of antiques. They invented water -clocks. Indeed, any serious students of antique should spend as muc

40、h time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. Antique clocks could be very expensive, but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home. After all, if you are g

41、oing to be ruled by time, why not invest in air antique clock and perhaps make a future profit? ( ) The purpose of the passage is _. A. to introduce the culture of antique clocks. B. to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks C. to compare different ways to make a future profit D. to explain

42、convenient and reliable ways of telling time 例题二： Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop c

43、ulture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager. “I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.” Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairs

44、tyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits. Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generati

45、on ago. Now they are comfortable and common. And parentchild activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue int0 adulthood. No wonder greeting cards today carry the message, “To my mother, my best friend.” But family experts warn that the new equalit

46、y can also result in less respect for parents. “Theres still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening,” says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College. “In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion among parents.”

47、 Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say. “My parents were on the before side of that change

48、, but todays parents, the 40 -year-olds, were on the after side,” explains Mr. Ballmer. “Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.” （ ）The purpose of the pass

49、age is to _. A. describe the difficulties todays parents have met with B. discuss the development of the parent child relationship C. suggest the ways to handle the parent child relationship D. compare todays parent child relationship with that in the past Put yourself in the Put yourself in the writers shoes! ? ? （设身处地站在作者的角度上（设身处地站在作者的角度上) Finish your exercises! Finish your exercises!