英语教学中的测试与评价方法课件.ppt
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1、Testing & Assessment in ELT英语教学中的测试与评价方法英语教学中的测试与评价方法Outline1. A sketchy history2. Types of language tests 3. Testing techniques 4. Criteria for good language tests 5. Constructing multiple-choice questions 6. Critical discussion 1. History of Langauge Testing and AssessmentA Sketchy History1.1 Pre-
2、scientific Stage前科学阶段1.2 Psychometric-Structuralist Testing Stage心理测量学-结构主义测试阶段1.3 Integrative-Sociolinguistic Testing Stage 综合-社会语言学测试阶段1.4 Pragmatic and Communicative Testing Stage语用交际测试阶段1.1 Pre-scientific Stage Before the 1940s Grammar-translation method 语法翻译法 Traditional testing approachTraditi
3、onal Testing Approach What: grammatical rules, word formation, word usage How: written test, no oral test Question type: subjective, like translation, composition, written questions1.2 Psychometric-Structuralist Testing心理测量心理测量-结构主义测试结构主义测试 Since the 1950s Theoretical guidance Features Audiolingual
4、method 听说法 Discrete-point testing approach(分项测验分项测验/分立式测分立式测验验) 理论基础: 语言学中的结构主义语言观:语言=语音+词汇+句式+语法,语言能力可以分解为具体的部分来考查。 心理学中的行为主义教育论:刺激反应式学习方式,反复练习。 心理测量学:依据一定的心理学理论,运用一定的操作程序,把人的知识、能力、性格、态度等心理特性和行为进行量化。 Emphasizing reliability (信度)and validity (效度) Emphasizing objective and accurate assessment, Object
5、ive questions dominate, particularly multiple choices. Analyzing testing results statistically Enjoying a high reliability 信度高Discrete-point Testing A question only assesses one language point Testing: conducted at different levels of language structure 语言层面 Language proficiency:being assessed from
6、the aspects of listening, speaking, reading and writing 技能层面1.3 Integrative-Sociolinguistic Testing 综合综合-社会语言学测试社会语言学测试 Since the mid-1970s (动态语言观) Integrative skill tests 综合技能测试 Assess a learners ability to use many bits at the same time. Question types:cloze/composition/oral interview, etc.1.4 Pra
7、gmatic & Communicative Testing Stage语用交际测试阶段语用交际测试阶段 From the 1980s (功能语言观) Communicative approach From language usage to language use Pragmatic approach Integrity of language/whole language Assessing with tasks Accuracy, fluency and appropriateness Communicative competence 2. Types of Language Test
8、sTypes of Language Tests Formative & Summative Tests; 形成性和总结性 Objective & Subjective Tests; 客观性和主观性 Criterion-referenced & Norm-referenced Tests;标准参照性和常模参照性 Tests Classified According to Testing Purposes Discrete-point & Integrative Tests 分立式和综合测试 High stakes & Low-stakes Tests 高风险和低风险2.1 Formative
9、& Summative Formative Assessment: Being carried out throughtout the course; Diagnostic purpose; Assessment for learning; Teacher or learner-initiated Summative Assessment: Being carried out at the end of a course; Grading purpose, assign a course grade; Assessment of learning; Teacher-initiated2.2 C
10、riterion-referenced & Norm-referenced Criterion-referenced Assessment: A way of measuring candidates against defined (and objective) criteria; Relatively consistent Being used to establish a persons competence; Examples: Driving tests, IELTS, TEM, etc.Norm-referenced Assessment: A way of comparing c
11、andidates to identify whether the test taker performed better or worse than other test takers; Varying from year to year; Being used for selection; Examples: CEE (gaokao), TOEFL2.3 Objective & SubjectiveObjective Assessment: A single correct answer; Objective scoring, no judgment on the part of the
12、scorer. Examples: true/false, multiple choice, matching questions. Subjective Assessment: More than one way of expressing the correct answer; Subective scoring, calling for judgment on the part of the scorer. Examples: extended-response questions and essays. 2.4 Tests Classified According to Testing
13、 Purposesl Proficiency Test 水平测试、能力测试l Achievement Test 成绩测试、学业测试l Placement Test 分级测试、分班测试l Aptitude Test 能力倾向测试、学能测试l Diagnostic Test 诊断测试Proficiency Testl Measuring language proficiencyl The content 考试内容: Not based on the content of a language course which people taking the test may have followed
14、. It is based on a specification of what candidates have to be able to do in the language in order to be considered proficient. Examples: SAT, ACT, CEE, IELTS, PSC, PETS, BECAchievement Test Examining how successful a student, a teacher, or a syllabus, or a method is. Being closely linked to the cou
15、rse material used in class. Final achievement tests are those administered at the end of a course of study. Progress achievement tests are intended to measure the progress that students are making. Placement Testl To identify the appropriate stage of language course according to students ability.l T
16、o assign students to the appropriate level of classes they should take. Aptitude Test Measuring the extent to which an individual possesses specific language learning ability Being usually used for selection and diagnosis and for prediction of language learning success. Components of language aptitu
17、de: phonetic coding ability (sound discrimination and memory), grammatical sensitivity (recognizing the grammatical function of words), rote learning ability for new sound and meaning inductive learning ability for language patternsDiagnostic Testl To show students strengths and weaknesses. 2.5 Disc
18、rete-point & Integrative Discrete-point Test: multiple-choice questions Integrative Test: Dictation, translation, composition, etc.When he saw his mother, the little boy stopped _. A. crying B. cry C. to cry D. cried One day, the wife of a Chinese king sat watching a worm as it ate some mulberry lea
19、ves. Soon it stopped _. Then, as it slowly turned its head from side _ side, a very fine thread came out of its _. It wrapped the thread around and around itself until it was shut _ a little cocoon.2.6 High- & Low-stakes Tests A relative concept High-stakes: a test with important consequences for th
20、e test taker. Examples:CEE, TEM Low-stakes: End-term Exam测试种类总结测试种类总结分类标准分类标准 测试类别测试类别学习阶段不同学习阶段不同 形成性测试,终结性测试形成性测试,终结性测试评分方式评分方式 客观性测试,主观性测试客观性测试,主观性测试分数解释参照标准不同分数解释参照标准不同 标准参照测试,常模参照测试标准参照测试,常模参照测试测试目的测试目的 水平测试水平测试/成绩测试成绩测试/学能测试学能测试/分班测试分班测试/诊断测试诊断测试测试语言技能的分合测试语言技能的分合 分立式测试,综合式测试分立式测试,综合式测试测试对用户影响
21、的大小测试对用户影响的大小 低风险测试,高风险测试低风险测试,高风险测试3. Testing TechniquesTesting TechniquesMultiple-choice 多项选择题(单选或复选)多项选择题(单选或复选)Gap-filling 填充题填充题 Matching 配对题配对题Transformation 句型转换题句型转换题Cloze 完形填空题(填充或选择题)完形填空题(填充或选择题)True/False 是非题,判断正误题是非题,判断正误题 Error Correction 改错题改错题Dictation 听写听写Open Questions 开放式问题开放式问题Sh
22、ort Answer Qs简答题简答题Essay Writing写作写作Translation翻译翻译3.1 Multiple-choice QuestionsAn example: Noise made by a snake is called _. A mew B bark C hiss D quack Stem + Choices/Alternatives (the correct choice and distractors)Advantages: Efficiency Neutrality Universality Response clarityDisadvantages: Amb
23、iguity No partial credit guessing Time-consuming for item consrtuction3.2 Gap-fillingAn example:Eating too much fast food is not _. A hint:a root word (health), the first letter of the word (h_).Advantages: Testing grammar or vocabulary Essy to grade Relatively easy to construct. Disadvantages: Ambi
24、guity: more than one possible correct answers. Parents owe their children a set of solid values _ which to build their lives. (around/on)3.3 MatchingMatch the word on the left to the word with the opposite meaning.fat old young tallactive thinshort quiet This could be individual words, words and def
25、initions, pictures to words etc.Advantages: Testing vocabulary Easy to construct and gradeDisadvantages: Students may get the right answers without knowing all the words. 3.4 Transformationl This is an interesting book. (转为感叹句) What an interesting book this is!l I went to bed after I finished my hom
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