英语四级作文写作技巧课件.ppt

1、大学英语四级写作技巧大学英语四级写作技巧Lecture of Writing 一、考核要求四四六级大学英语写作考试时间均为六级大学英语写作考试时间均为3030分钟，分值占分钟，分值占总分的总分的15%15%。四级要求考生写出一篇不少于四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120120词的短文，试卷上可词的短文，试卷上可能能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写段首句要求续写; ;或给出关键词要求写成短文。或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常

2、生活和一般常识。短文写作部分写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。二、大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准首先，首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。不要乱涂乱画，若。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间画道横线有删节，在文字的中间画道横线第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短，让人第一感觉就是内，让人第一感觉就是内容充实。容充实。第三，第三，开好头，

3、结好尾开好头，结好尾。第四，第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，分数会受影响。繁琐，分数会受影响。具体评分标准：2 2分分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，但条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，但多数为严重错误。多数为严重错误。5 5分分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，

4、文字勉强连贯；语言错分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。1111分分切题。表达思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。切题。表达思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。1414分分切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。错误，仅有个别小错误。只写一段者：只写一段者：0 04 4分；只写两段者：分；只写两段者：0 09 9分分部分考生在见到作文题，感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内部分考生在见到作文题，感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有

5、很多内容要写。千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前容要写。千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，写了一大堆犹觉余意未尽。结果句尚未写完便接上了后一句，写了一大堆犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。意识流创作有两种表现：意识流创作有两种表现：自由分段自由分段 语言杂乱语言杂乱三、英语写作问题与对策三、英语写作问题与对策一、一、 “意识流意识流”式写作式写作我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇120120词词左右的作文一般左右的作文一般不超过不超过1

6、212句话句话，把这，把这1212句话根据题目句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，绝不多说。绝不多说。事实上往往是事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多说得越多，错误越多。因此，跟着提纲。因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收点到为止，见好就收，这，这才是最稳妥的对策。才是最稳妥的对策。对策对策:7二、语言大于内容很多考生非要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一很多考生非要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生

7、，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。作文应该在显然犯了一个根本性的错误。作文应该在2525分钟之内分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。不管原因也好，措施也好，都不是判卷老师所重视的。不管原因也好，措施也好，都不是判卷老师所重视的。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以绞尽脑规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以绞尽脑汁构思内容是没有必要的。汁构思内容是没有必要的。8对策 ：写作的三个角度：写作的三个角度：语言第一位语言第一位结构第二位结构第二位内容第三位内容第三位要求：要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可9三、用

8、词贫乏，句式单一 许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如使用如more and more, I think, as you knowmore and more, I think, as you know等表达，并且句子结等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。构过于简单。统计结果表明，统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中差的作文中关键词和同义表

9、达出现的频率低于好的作文关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。10对策: : 少用垃圾词汇垃圾词汇垃圾词汇: helpful helpful 典型例句典型例句:Sth is helpful (to sb)替代语替代语 conducive有助于有助于 e.g Sth is conducive to sb垃圾词汇垃圾词汇: :thinkthink 典型例句典型例

10、句:i think - -:i think - -替代语替代语deemdeem， harbor the idea that harbor the idea that 垃圾词汇垃圾词汇: : because because 典型例句典型例句:xxx because xxx:xxx because xxx替代语替代语 in that/in as much asin that/in as much as垃圾词汇垃圾词汇: aboutabout 典型例句典型例句:it is about 250 times of that替代语替代语 it is approximately -垃圾词汇垃圾词汇: if

11、if替代语替代语provided，supposingCompare the Following SentencesWe useuse different waysways to get to know the society.We make use ofmake use of various methodsmethods to get to know the society.We take advantage oftake advantage of diverse meansmeans to get to know the society.12四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：1 1、可供、可供“

12、调遣调遣”的词汇量贫乏，局限于中学词汇。的词汇量贫乏，局限于中学词汇。比如，我们一提到比如，我们一提到“重要的重要的”大多数同学首先会想到大多数同学首先会想到“importantimportant”这个单词这个单词它的如下同义词：它的如下同义词：significant, vital, crucial, significant, vital, crucial, criticalcritical， etcetc132 2、表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。、表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。比如，我们一提到比如，我们一提到“大大” 大多数同学首先会想到大多数同学首先会想到“bigb

13、ig”这个单词这个单词 它的如下同义词：它的如下同义词：great, large, huge, vast, great, large, huge, vast, enormous enormous etc.四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：14策略 1 1、调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇。、调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇。Eg. Eg. 引起、导致引起、导致 Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth tog

14、ive rise/birth to152 2、用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。、用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。Eg. Eg. 利用利用 Use, make use of, Use, make use of, make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, use of sth, take (full) advantage oftake (full) advantage of策略策略 163 3、文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以同义词，、文中如需要多次表达同一

15、词义时，以同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。近义词等避免重复使用同一词。Eg. Eg. 适应适应Adapt to, adjust to, makefit, get used Adapt to, adjust to, makefit, get used to, be accustomed toto, be accustomed to策略策略 1. 1. people, personspeople, persons的替换词的替换词: individuals, : individuals, characters, folks characters, folks 2. 2. goodgood的替换词

16、的替换词: positive, favorable, rosy (: positive, favorable, rosy (美美好的好的) )，promising (promising (有希望的有希望的) )，perfect, perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstandingpleasurable , excellent, outstanding3. 3. badbad的替换词的替换词: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, : dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(adverse(有害的有害的

17、) ) 如果如果 bad bad 做表语，可以有做表语，可以有 be less be less impressive impressive 代替代替 24个经典替换词个经典替换词18eg. An army of college students indulge eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passi

18、vely in with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records a result, they find their academic records are are less impressiveless impressive. . 24个经典替换词个经典替换词24个经典

19、替换词个经典替换词n4. many的替换词的替换词: an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of , many if not most. nEg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that.n5. some的替换词的替换词: a slice of, quiet a few , severaln 6. thing的替换词的替换词: affair, business ,matter207. 7. thinkthink的替换词的替换词: harbor the idea that, t

20、ake the : harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged thatshared that, it is universally acknowledged that8. 8. commoncommon的替换词的替换词: shared: shared9. 9. get much benefitget

21、 much benefit的替换词的替换词: reap huge fruits: reap huge fruits10. 10. in my opinionin my opinion的替换词的替换词: for my part ,from my : for my part ,from my own perspective own perspective 24个经典替换词个经典替换词11. 11. more and moremore and more的替换词的替换词: increasingly, growing : increasingly, growing 当修饰名词时用当修饰名词时用 incr

22、easing/growing. increasing/growing. 修饰形容词，副词用修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly increasingly 注意没有注意没有growingly growingly 这种形式这种形式. . Eg. Eg. sth has gained growing popularity. sth has gained growing popularity. sth is increasingly popular. sth is increasingly popular. 12 12 helpfulhelpful的替换词的替换词:benefitial rew

23、arding:benefitial rewarding13.13. very very的替换词的替换词: : exceedingly,extremelyexceedingly,extremely24个经典替换词个经典替换词14. 14. causecause的替换词的替换词: give rise to, lead to, result : give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger in, trigger 15. 15. reasons for sthreasons for sth的替换词的替换词: there are several : there a

24、re several reasons behind sthreasons behind sth16. 16. want want 的替换词的替换词: desire: desire17. 17. pay attention topay attention to的替换词的替换词: pour attention into: pour attention into18. 18. rememberremember的替换词的替换词: bear in mind that: bear in mind that24个经典替换词个经典替换词2319. 19. sb be interested in sthsb b

25、e interested in sth的替换词的替换词: sth : sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb fascination on sb 20. 20. attract ones attentionattract ones attention的替换词的替换词: capture : capture ones attentionones attention21. 21. havehave的替换词的替换词: enjoy, posses

26、s: enjoy, possess24个经典替换词个经典替换词2422. 22. communicationcommunication的替换词的替换词: : interaction interaction23. 23. be against, disagree with sthbe against, disagree with sth 的替换词：的替换词：frown on sthfrown on sth24. 24. for examplefor example 的替换词：的替换词： to name only a few, to name only a few, as an exampleas

27、 an example24个经典替换词个经典替换词25善用词组 如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比 如 上 面 所 说 的比 如 上 面 所 说 的 “ 重 要 的重 要 的 ” 这 个 单 词 ， 当 我 们 想 到这 个 单 词 ， 当 我 们 想 到importantimportant的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到会想到“be of importancebe of i

28、mportance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于等于ofof加这个形容词的名词形式。加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组“play an play an important role in-important role in-”-”。四级写作中如何造句四级写作中如何造句26句型多样简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：子结构如：插入语，倒装句，强调句，非谓语动词，插入语，倒装句，强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句疑问句等。等。若要写好作文，要写

29、好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式变化及句子类型，可通过对泛读课文经典句子的句式变化及句子类型，可通过对泛读课文经典句子的背诵提高应用语言基本句型的能力。背诵提高应用语言基本句型的能力。Imitation is a good way to learn.Imitation is a good way to learn.27适当用代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实适当用代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, ,句子开头不句子开头不要总是用要总是用we / I (we / I (比如不用比如不用 we should pay we should pay atten

30、tion toattention to 而用而用 Attention should be paid to.Attention should be paid to. ) )In a word, the local government should take In a word, the local government should take effective measures to solve the problem.effective measures to solve the problem.It is, therefore, high time that some applicabl

31、e It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the local approaches were implemented by the local government like that.government like that. 被动句以及倒装句近些年媒体曝光了很多食品安全问题近些年媒体曝光了很多食品安全问题Over the past couple of yearsOver the past couple of years，several cases of several

32、cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. media. 应采取及时和严格的措施来阻止某一趋势应采取及时和严格的措施来阻止某一趋势Prompt and strict measures should be taken to Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend. turn back this evil trend.

33、 五分之一的学生拥有信用卡而且数字还在上升五分之一的学生拥有信用卡而且数字还在上升IndeedIndeed，one out of five students is estimated to one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit cardbe in possession of at least one credit card，and the figure is expected to be on the steady and the figure is expected t

34、o be on the steady increase.increase.被动句以及倒装句被动句以及倒装句29写作的“四化”：a. a. 语言准确化语言准确化 b. b. 语言多样化语言多样化 c. c. 结构清晰化结构清晰化 d. d. 内容简单化内容简单化主题主题提纲提纲写作写作 写作部分写作部分Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags 1.1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用2.2.造成的问题造成的问题3.3.限制使用的意义限制使用的意义3 paragraphsMore than 120 wordsTopic senten

35、cesDisposable plastic bags were once widely used in China. When we went shopping at supermarkets and departments stores, shopping assistants often provided free plastic bags for our convenience. For a while, life without them seemed unimaginable for most of us.However, disposable plastic bags do bri

36、ng severe damage to our environment. Costumers usually threw them away after use, and because they are thin and hard to decompose, these plastic products will exist for a long time. This is an immediate threat to our earth and water. Nowadays, the government has passed relevant regulations for limit

37、ing the use of disposable plastic bags: they are not free any more. In some shopping places, in order to invoke the public awareness of environmental protection, plastic bags are offered in a much higher price. As a result, people are changing their behavior: paper and clothing bags that vanished fo

38、r a long time come back to our daily life. It is true that by limiting its usage, everyone in this society contributes some effort to the improvement of the environment. uRecently, the problem of has aroused peoples concern. uInternet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day

39、 life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. uRecently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. uInflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.Be

40、ginninguPeoples views on vary from person to person. Some hold that . However, others believe that. uAttitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. uThere are different opinions among people as to People may have different opinions on uDifferent people hold different a t t i t u d e s t o w a

41、 r d ( f a i l u r e ) . Different opinionsuAs far as something is concerned, . uIt was obvious that uIt may be true that, but it doesnt mean that uIt is natural to believe that , but we shouldnt ignore that uThere is no evidence to suggest that Incorrect opinionsuFrom my point of view, it is more r

42、easonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. uI cannot entirely agree with the idea that uPersonally, I am standing on the side of uI sincerely believe that uIn my opinion, it is more advisable to do than to do. uFinally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why

43、Your opinionsuThis phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. uW hy did ? For one thing For another. Perhaps the primary reason is uI quite agree with the statement that the reasons are chiefly as follows. The reasonsuHere are some suggestions for handling uThe best way to solve the troubles is uPeo

44、ple have figured out many ways to solve this problem. SolutionsuThe primary reason is/ to begin with/to start with/In the first place ubesides/furthermore/in addition/whats more ulast but not least；uPreviously, simultaneously, eventually；uFor one thing, for anotheruOn one hand, on the other handSequ

45、enceSequenceuTaking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that uTaking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that uHence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion thatuThere is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as

46、well as merits. uAll in all, we cannot live without But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. ConclusionConclusionuIt is high time that we put an end to the (trend). uIt is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on the improveme

47、nt of uThere is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of uObviousl y,. If we want to do something , it is essential that uOnly in this way can we uIt must be realized thatSuggestions历史岳麓版第13课交通与通讯的变化资料精品课件欢迎使用自读教材自读教材填要点填要点 一、铁路，更多的铁路一、铁路，更多的铁路 1地位地位 铁路是铁路是 建设的重点，便于国计民生，成为国民经济建设的重

48、点，便于国计民生，成为国民经济发展的动脉。发展的动脉。 2出现出现 1881年，中国自建的第一条铁路年，中国自建的第一条铁路唐山唐山 至胥各庄铁至胥各庄铁路建成通车。路建成通车。 1888年，年，宫廷宫廷专用铁路落成。专用铁路落成。交通运输交通运输开平开平 3发展发展 (1)原因：原因： 甲午战争以后列强激烈争夺在华铁路的甲午战争以后列强激烈争夺在华铁路的 。 修路成为中国人修路成为中国人 的强烈愿望。的强烈愿望。 (2)成果：成果：1909年年 建成通车；民国以后，各条商路修筑建成通车；民国以后，各条商路修筑权收归国有。权收归国有。 4制约因素制约因素 政潮迭起，军阀混战，社会经济凋敝，铁路

49、建设始终未入政潮迭起，军阀混战，社会经济凋敝，铁路建设始终未入正轨。正轨。修筑权修筑权救亡图存救亡图存京张铁路京张铁路 二、水运与航空二、水运与航空 1水运水运 (1)1872年年, 正式成立，标志着中国新式航运业的诞生。正式成立，标志着中国新式航运业的诞生。 (2)1900年前后，民间兴办的各种轮船航运公司近百家，几乎都是年前后，民间兴办的各种轮船航运公司近百家，几乎都是在列强排挤中艰难求生。在列强排挤中艰难求生。 2航空航空 (1)起步：起步：1918年，附设在福建马尾造船厂的海军飞机工程处开始年，附设在福建马尾造船厂的海军飞机工程处开始研制研制 。 (2)发展：发展：1918年，北洋政府

50、在交通部下设年，北洋政府在交通部下设“ ”；此后十年间，航空事业获得较快发展。；此后十年间，航空事业获得较快发展。轮船招商局轮船招商局水上飞机水上飞机筹办航空事宜筹办航空事宜处处 三、从驿传到邮政三、从驿传到邮政 1邮政邮政 (1)初办邮政：初办邮政： 1896年成立年成立“大清邮政局大清邮政局”，此后又设，此后又设 ，邮传正式脱离海关。邮传正式脱离海关。 (2)进一步发展：进一步发展：1913年，北洋政府宣布裁撤全部驿站；年，北洋政府宣布裁撤全部驿站；1920年，中国首次参加年，中国首次参加 。邮传部邮传部万国邮联大会万国邮联大会 2电讯电讯 (1)开端：开端：1877年，福建巡抚在年，福建