英语写作基础教程.ppt课件.ppt

1、12vI. Using words correctlyvII. Using words accurately31.overcome ChinglishvEg:vIm not afraid of the hot weather. I dont mind the hot weather. I found the room rather cold. I felt the room rather cold. On Sundays I always sleep late. On Sundays I always get up late.4vThe blanket felt soft to her. Sh

2、e felt the blanket soft. His level of English has been proved. His English has improved. He came out the fourth in the exam. He received the fourth place in the exam. 5Words or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text (e.g. Religious works) and poetry are called

3、archaic. Eg: mayhaps (v.hope; adv.maybe), quoth (vt.say), thy (pron. your), ere (prep. before) Words or meaning which have gone out of use altogether are called obsolete. Eg: admirable废语令人惊奇的 fine n. 废语惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱 Newly-coined words Eg: junior-high-schooler, tube-steak, water-sensitive-crops, sn

4、ow-poor-winter, 6vOn hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our deep sympathies.vThe big banquet held in honor of the distinguished state guests was really neat.v俚语呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的 vUnexceptionable/ admirable/ excellent7vThe shade of meaningThe shade of meaningv

5、Eg1: eagle and hawkvEagle is a bird that soars high and thus see far. to have an eagle eye (to have excellent vision)vHawk is a bird of pray, symbolizes harshness, thus people call the hard line politician “the hawk”.vEg2: dumb and mutevHe is a dumb / mute man.8vSpecific and generalA good man : kind

6、 / honest / just / generous / sympathetic / warm-hearted / selfless / honorableGood food: tasty / nourishing / rich / wholesome / high-priced / fresh / substantial9General: In spring, the weather in Beijing can be very bad.Specific: In spring, it is often windy and dusty here.More specific with the

7、help of details:In spring, the wind blows all day long. The air is then filled with fine dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. There is no escape from the fine dust. It gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair.10vDenotation is the basic ,direct, literal meaning of a word. As de

8、fined by the dictionary.vConnotation is the association around and the overtone about the word. its the feeling or idea suggested by the word.11vE.g . 国家vCountry emphasizes the territory.vNation emphasizes the people.vState emphasizes political organization. vLand is often used to connote certain fe

9、eling.vAn island country ; neighboring countryvpeace-loving nation; the awaking nation of AfricavState-owned enterprisesvOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship.vA far-away / foreign land; a land of liberty/ opportunity12Complimentary derogatory neutralPublic servant bureaucrat gover

10、nment employeeFinancier speculator investorLaw officer cop policemanCaptain of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detectiveCaptive jailbird prisoner13vSynonyms :Two or more forms with very closely related meaning, which are often but not always, intersubstitutable in a sentence.

11、vAccording to formality:vEarly English: small/little ask time rise vFrench: petite question age mountvLatin: diminutive interrogate epoch ascendvGenerally, Latin words are more bookish than early English and French.14vThe concert concluded with a performance of Beethovens 5th symphony.vThey ended th

12、e concert with Beethovens 5th symphony. vMy father purchased a large automobile. vMy dad bought a big car.1516v1. Completeness in structure;v2. Begin with a capital letter;v3. End with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark;v4. Express a single complete idea.17v1. completeness in st

13、ructurev2. the right subjectv3. agreement between the subject and the predicate verbv4. agreement between pronoun and antecedentv5. clear pronoun referencev6. ending sentences with full stopsv7. joining clauses with conjunctionsv8. a main clause in a complex sentencev9. proper use of comparisonsv10.

14、correct use of the tense18vBecause he hadnt finish his assignment, so he continued working in the classroom. completeness in structurevNot knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. the right subjectvA number of spelling mistakes was found in his composition. agreement between the subject

15、and the predicate verbvEverybody should return the books he borrowed within a week. agreement between pronoun and antecedent19vShe told my sister that her idea was practicable. clear pronoun referencevNo one come to the party, it was a complete failure. ending sentences with full stops / joining cla

16、uses with conjunctionsvBecause he had not heard about that important decision. a main clause in a complex sentencevThe Sahara is larger than any desert in the world. proper use of comparisonsvWe have revised our work plan last night. correct use of the tense20vA fragment is a part of sentence (such

17、as a phrase or dependant/ subordinate clause) which begins with a capital letter and ends as a sentence does. vE.g.vFragment The result being that he lost the presidential election. vSentence The result is that he lost the presidential election.21MAs exclamations Oh! Nonsense! Well done! What a day!

18、 How kind of you! Susan a singer!?MIn spoken English A: how about this? B: very good! A: Your name and your address, please? B: All right , here.v More Fragment-like sentences22MAs transitions And a final instance, To return from our digression, Now, a few more words about the meeting today.23一一. Un

19、ity . Unity 一致性一致性vUnity:Unity: A sentence should express a single complete idea, no more, no less. If it contains too much, then the sentence becomes confusing . If it contains too little, then the idea in it is incomplete.vIn other words, a sentence violates the principle of unity if it contains i

20、deas that are not closely related; whats more, a sentence is not unified if it does not express a complete thought.24 vEg:vIdeas not closely related: vBorn in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be a great musician.vHe was born in a small town in South China in 1937, and grew up to be

21、 a great musician.vIdea incomplete: vDream of the Red Mansion is the best-known novel.v Dream of the Red Mansion is one of the best-known classical Chinese novel.25In the following sentence, the idea of one unified sentence is chopped into several short sentences.E.g: My best friend in high school w

22、as our literature teacher. Her name was Wang Li. She taught us literature for three years.Revised: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher, Wang Li, who taught us for three years.26vFused: She suddenly paused and it seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily but she was usually

23、 bashful.Improved: She suddenly paused. It seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily, but she was usually bashful.vFused: They did not win the game so far as I could see they did not even try. Improved: They did not win the game. So far as I could see, they did not even try.27vCoherence requir

24、es that the parts of a sentence are so arranged that they stick together, and that the ideas progress in a logical sequence.v1. Parallelism vE.g: I forgot that my research paper was due on Tuesday and my teacher had said he would not accept late papers.28vThe child was pretty and had brains. The chi

25、ld was pretty and intelligent.vHe sat down and was beginning to work. He sat down and began to work.vI will wait until you call or she comes. I will wait until you call or until she comes.vI went to the dance with a girl from Memphis and who has a southern accent. I went to the dance with a girl who

26、 is from Memphis and who has a southern accent.292. Consistency(1) keep the same grammatical subject unless there is good reason for changing. Eg: The cast first discusses the play and then nightly rehearsals begin.The cast first discusses the play and then begin nightly rehearsals.(2) Keep the pers

27、on of pronoun consistent. Eg: Having eaten our lunch, they departed by boat.Having eaten their lunch, they departed by boat.30(3) Keep the number of nouns and pronouns consistent Eg: Being a student, we all wish to learn to write well. One can never write effectively, unless they write as much and a

28、s often as they can.(4) Keep the mood and the voice that you have decided upon. Eg: First build a fire and then you should make the coffee. He drove the car into the garage and the motor was quickly stopped.313. Subordination Correct subordination clarifies the relationships between ideas, thus stre

29、ngthens the coherence of a sentence.Subordination also leads to greater economy in writing, permitting one to express oneself in the fewest possible words.32Eg: A. I was in college. I had a roommate. He was studying to be a lawyer.B. I ran out of ink, thus being unable to finish my theme.C. The dean

30、 issued a bulletin, and it said the library would remain open on weekends.33三. Conciseness 简洁性1. No wordinessnWordiness also violates the principle of unity, the idea gets blurred by unnecessary words which obscure it like clouds and smoke. nSorry, Im not in a position to offer assistance to him.Sor

31、ry, I am unable to help him.nThe maid put the letter that came from Prague on my desk.The maid put the letter from Prague on my desk.nThere are several advantages to buying a motorbike.Buying a motorbike offers several advantages .nId like to take the opportunity to say thank you.Thank you.34Clarity

32、 requires that a sentence should be written with its meaning unmistakably clear.Misunderstanding is often caused by the position of modifiers：The meaning of a sentence can be changed drastically by changes in the position of modifiers.Eg： In one word, the modifier must be placed as near to the modif

33、ied as possible.35四. Emphasis is the means by which you give desired force to your writing.1. positioning for emphasisThe sentence end-the place of strongest emphasisThe sentence beginning-the place of secondary emphasisThe middle - the place of least emphasisE.g.He will not have the endurance neede

34、d for the long training required to be a dentist, I think.Attention: move the point to be emphasized, out of order, to the front, this process is often called fronting or inversion. E.g: This I will never do.36vIn general the active voice is preferable because it is more direct and precise, but some

35、times the passive is more appropriate than the active.vE.g.vThe advice which was given to me by you will be followed by me.vTelevision was watched by the whole family in the evenings.vPassive voice is preferable:vwhen the receiver of an action is more important than the doer.vwhen the doer is vague

36、or unknown.vwhen the doer is to be especially emphasized.37vClimacte order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important or that goes from the general to the specific.vShe was a kind-hearted, goodlooking, and well-mannered lady.vRevised: She was goodlooking, well-mannered and

37、 kind-hearted.vHe said he had lost interest in life, fame, position and money after that tragedy.vRevised: He said after that tragedy he had lost interest in vNote:vThe opposite of climatic order results in anticlimax. it is often used deliberately for humorous effects.vE.g. At one fell swoop, he lo

38、st his wife, his child, his household goods, and his dog.384. Rhetorical questionvA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in that it does not need an answer, it is used for emphasis.vThe rhetorical question is often reserved for special occasion to exert its great force. A positive r

39、hetorical question is like a strong negative statement, while a negative rhetorical question is like a strong positive statement.vE.g.vIf winter comes, can spring be far behind?vIsnt it beautiful weather?39vThe balanced sentence, by positioning together two or more parallel items, makes for poignanc

40、y and emphasis.vE.g.vReading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. -Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”40vA periodic sentence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word, which is the most important word of the sentence.Eg: It is generall

41、y acknowledged that the sole criterion of truth is practice. He said for buying a house he had prepared everything but money.41I. General Introduction to Paragraph:1.In form: set off by indentation or spacing2. In content: closely-related sentences42Topic Sentence Supporting DetailsClosing Sentence4

42、3vWhat is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. vWhat does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. vHow do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. 44vWhat are supporting sent

43、ences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. vWhat do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. vHow do I write them? You should give supporting facts, details, and examples. 45vWhat is the closing sentence? The closing sentenc

44、e is the last sentence in a paragraph. vWhat does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph. vHow do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words. 46 There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent hea

45、lth care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadi

46、an cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. 471.Unity(1)Singleness of purpose(2)Fullness(3)Brevity(4)Topic sentence482. Coherence(1) Ways of developing paragraph(2) Transition49 Definition Paragraph Classification Paragraph Descri

47、ption Paragraph Compare and Contrast Paragraph Sequence Paragraph Choice Paragraph Explanation Paragraph Evaluation Paragraph503.Emphasis(1)Proportion(2)Position(3)Climatic order(4)Repetition and parallelism51A summary is a brief , concise restatement of the main facts or points of a passage or a bo

48、ok.It is different from a composition in that it does not express the writers but someone elses ideas.52vgenerally a summary should not be longer than a third of the length of the original passage.vit should be faithful to the original, with no change in facts or views, and no important points left

49、out.vit should be written in continuous prose, not in the form of an outline.53vreadingvwritingvomitting the detailsvreducing the examplesvsimplifying the descriptionsveliminating all repetitionvmaking phrases do the work of clauses or sentencesvusing general words instead of specific wordsvusing th

50、e shortest possible transitionsvavoiding figurative languagevrevision54I. Basic OrganizationvIntroduction (beginning)vBody (middle)vConclusion (end)55What is an introduction paragraph?What does it do?How do I write one? E.g. Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved