机载监视系统课件：5近地警告系统(v3)20160503.ppt

1、Ground Proximity Warning System（GPWS） Civil Aviation University of ChinaCollege of Electronic Information and AutomationCEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Alert system2CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）CFITv A controlled flight into terrain (CFIT, usually pronounced cee-fit) is an accid

2、ent in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle.v In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is unaware of the impending disaster until too late. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.v Acc

3、ording to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life, causing over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age. CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A Mishaps between 1993 and 2002.v GPWS is a system developed to help prevent CFIT a

4、ccidents.3CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Current situation of GPWS in Chinav In September 2002, the CAAC issued a TAWS installation policy. According to the document issued by the CAAC, all the commercial turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats or maximum take-

5、off weight is more than 15000 kg will be installed enhanced ground proximity warning system, before the end of 2004.4CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GPWSv A ground proximity warning system (GPWS) is a system designed to alert pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into th

6、e ground or an obstacle. More advanced systems, introduced in 1996, are known as enhanced ground proximity warning systems (EGPWS), although sometimes called terrain awareness warning systems (TAWS).v The system monitors an aircrafts height above ground as determined by a radar altimeter. A computer

7、 then keeps track of these readings, calculates trends, and will warn the captain with visual and audio messages if the aircraft is in certain defined flying configurations (modes).5CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GENERAL DESCRIPTIONv The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) alerts the fl

8、ight crew of an unsafe condition when the airplane is near the terrain. It also supplies a warning for windshear conditions.v The GPWS uses global positioning system (GPS) and loadable software data bases to give the flight crew improved terrain awareness. This is done by the display of detailed ter

9、rain information for the area around the aircraft. The GPWS also warns the flight crew of an early descent.v The GPWS uses aural messages, lights, and displays to give alerts in the flight compartment.v The GPWS gives the pilots aural and visual warnings of unsafe conditions. The warnings continue u

10、ntil the pilots correct the condition. 6CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GENERAL DESCRIPTION7CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GENERAL DESCRIPTIONv The enhanced GPWS function contains a worldwide terrain data base. The GPWC compares airplane position and track with this data base to f

11、ind if there is a warning condition. This is the terrain awareness function.v The enhanced GPWS also contains an airport data base. This data base contains terrain information for all hard surface runways that are more than 3500 feet or longer. The GPWC compares airplane position and runway location

12、 to find if there is a warning condition. This is the terrain clearance floor (TCF) function.v The GPWS sends inhibit signals to the TCAS and weather radar systems when GPWS calculates cautions and warnings. 8CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）HOW IT WORKSv The GPWS gives the pilots aural and

13、visual warnings of unsafe conditions. The warnings continue until the pilots correct the condition. The system operates when the airplane is less than 2450 feet above the ground.v The heart of the GPWS is a computer processor, which can analyze the data from: Radar altimeter（雷达高度计）（雷达高度计） Air data c

14、omputer（大气数据计算机）（大气数据计算机） UHF Nav receiver（Ultra-high frequency导航接收机）导航接收机） Gear and flap indicating system（起落架和襟翼指示系统）（起落架和襟翼指示系统） Roll attitude input sensor（滚动姿态输入传感器）（滚动姿态输入传感器）v The computer analyzes a number of parameters including aircraft configuration, speed, proximity to terrain, and descen

15、t rate in order to issue appropriate warnings.9CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）根据视频回答问题根据视频回答问题vAllied SignalAllied Signal是什么？是什么？v空中交通安全中最大的威胁是什么？空中交通安全中最大的威胁是什么？vMark 5Mark 5作为增强型作为增强型GPWSGPWS，包含了哪两种数据库？，包含了哪两种数据库？vMark 5Mark 5使用的飞机位置信息来自于哪里？使用的飞机位置信息来自于哪里？vMark 5Mark 5两个新特征是什么？两个新特征是什么？v

16、介绍介绍Terrain Clearance FloorTerrain Clearance Floor时出现了一些数时出现了一些数字请画图解释，字请画图解释， mile mile，100 feet per mile100 feet per mile，500 feet500 feet，5NM5NM，12NM12NM，800 feet800 feet，15NM15NM，25NM25NM。v飞机低于飞机低于Terrain Clearance FloorTerrain Clearance Floor会发出什么会发出什么报警？报警？10CEIAGround Proximity Warning System

17、（GPWS）根据视频回答问题根据视频回答问题vTerrain displayTerrain display可以在哪里显示？可以在哪里显示？vTerrain displayTerrain display有几种颜色？什么式样？有几种颜色？什么式样？v第一种颜色描述的高度？第一种颜色描述的高度？v第二种颜色描述的高度？第二种颜色描述的高度？v第三种颜色描述的高度？第三种颜色描述的高度？v初级报警声是什么？何时开始？初级报警声是什么？何时开始？v高级报警声是什么？何时开始？高级报警声是什么？何时开始？v飞机爬升高于地面飞机爬升高于地面20002000英尺，如何显示？英尺，如何显示？11CEIAGrou

18、nd Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GPWS Modesv Mode 1 - Large descent ratesv Mode 2 - Too much of a closure rate when approaching terrain that is risingv Mode 3 - Too much altitude loss during climbout (at takeoff or in go around) when the airplane is not in the landing configurationv Mode 4 - Not eno

19、ugh terrain clearancev Mode 5 - Too much deviation below the glideslopev Mode 6 - Aural callouts when the airplane descends through selected radio altitudesv Mode 7 - Warning for windshear conditions.12CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GPWS Modesv Mode 1 Excessive Descent Rate (过过大的下降率大的下降率)v

20、 Mode 2 Excessive Closure Rate (过大的地障接近率过大的地障接近率)v Mode 3 Accelerating Flight Path Back into the Terrain After Take-Off (起飞或复飞爬升时飞机高度过度下降起飞或复飞爬升时飞机高度过度下降)v Mode 4 Unsafe Terrain Clearance Based on Aircraft Configuration (不安全离地高度不安全离地高度)v Mode 5 Significant Descent Below the ILS Landing Glide Path Ap

21、proach Aid (仪表着陆时与下滑道误差过大仪表着陆时与下滑道误差过大)v Mode 6 Miscellaneous Callouts and Advisories (多种语多种语音提示和报告音提示和报告)v Mode 7 Flight into Windshear Conditions (飞机遭受风飞机遭受风切边切边)13CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Operation modeOperation mode14ModeModeusingusingPhasePhasealtitudealtitudeVoice alertVoice al

22、ert1234567CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Operation modeOperation mode15ModeModeusingusingPhasePhasealtitudealtitudeVoice alertVoice alert1RA, rate of descent2500ftSink rate, pull up2Air speed, rate of descent, RA2000ftTerrain, pull up3Aircraft speed, RA, BA, aircraft configuration changesT

23、ake offMissed approach1000ftDont sink4Air speed, altitude, rate of descent, aircraft configurationAll phases800ft500ft170-250ftToo low, terrainToo low, gearToo low, flaps5Glide slope signal, landing gear configuration, RAapproach1000ftGlide slope6RA, gyroscope(roll attitude sensor)ApproachTake offMi

24、nimumsBank angle7Air speed, RA, barometric rate, AOA, air temperature, vertical and longitudinal acceleration, aircraft specific performance information1500ftCaution, wind shearWind shearCEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Operation modev Mode 1: Excessive Descent Rate(过度的下降速率)。（SINK RATE PULL

25、UP）v Mode 2: Excessive Closure to Terrain(过度的地障接近率)。（TERRAIN.TERRAIN PULL UP）v Mode 3: Altitude Loss After Takeoff(在航机起飞（Takeoff）或重飞（Go around）爬升时航机高度值过度下降(Altitude loss)。（DONT SINK）v Mode 4: Unsafe Terrain Clearance(与地障的间距不足)（未放下起落架或襟翼小于30度等）。（TOO LOW - TERRAIN TOO LOW - GEAR TOO LOW - FLAPS）v Mode

26、 5: Excessive Deviation Below Glide slope(仪器降落时与下滑道（Glide slope）的误差过大)。(GLIDE SLOPE)v Mode 6: Advisory Callouts(正常下降时的提醒)。(“Bank Angle” “Five Hundred” “Minimums”)v Mode 7: Windshear Alerting(当飞机遭受风切变警讯)。(“Caution, Windshear” “Windshear, Windshear, Windshear”)16CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPW

27、S）GENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe GPWS uses inputs from these units to calculate warning conditions: Ground proximity warning module (GPWM) Radio altimeter (RA) Air data inertial reference system (ADIRS) Stall management yaw dampers (SMYDs) Multi-mode receivers (MMRs) Flight management computer system (FMCS)

28、 Weather radar (WXR) Display electronics units (DEUs).17CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GENERAL DESCRIPTION18CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）GENERAL DESCRIPTION19v GPWS visual warnings show on the common display system(CDS) display units, the below glideslope annunciators, and the

29、GPWM.v GPWS aural warnings go through the remote electronics unit to the pilots headsets and flight deck speakers.v The GPWS sends inhibit signals to the TCAS and weather radar systems when GPWS calculates cautions and warnings.v The GPWS shows terrain that is forward of the airplane. This informati

30、on goes to the terrain/weather relays and then to the DEUs for display. Alerts to the flight crew of an early descent during a landing go directly to the DEUs for display.CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Flight Compartment Locations20v These are the GPWS components in the flight compartment:

31、 Capt and F/O Below G/S Switch/Light Ground proximity warning module.v These are the components in the flight compartment that interface with the GPWS: Capt and F/O display units Capt and F/O EFIS control panelsCEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）21Flight Compartment LocationsCEIAGround Proximi

32、ty Warning System（GPWS）22 COMPONENT LOCATIONThe GPWC is in the electronic equipment compartment on the E1-1 shelf.CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）23 POWER AND ANALOG INTERFACESCEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Systems(EGPWS)v Enhanced Ground Proximit

33、y Warning Systems (EGPWS), also called Terrain Awareness Warning Systems(TAWS).v A limitation of GPWS is the fact that with radar altimeter information the aircraft is only capable of seeing terrain directly below. In the case of rapidly rising terrain it may not react quick enough to issue a warnin

34、g in time.v EGPWS corrects this problem by integrating an aircraft navigational source into the system. GPS position in conjunction with a terrain database is used to help predict terrain conflict.24CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Enhanced GPWS Features In addition to retaining current GPWS

35、 alerting functions, the EGPWS offers two new major features : Look-ahead terrain alerting. Terrain display. 25CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）EGPWS: Look-ahead Terrain AlertingThe EGPWS provides caution-andwarning-level alerts to the flight crew abo

36、ut potential terrain conflicts earlier than basic GPWS.The alerts are based primarily on the airplane position and barometric altitude information passed to the EGPWS. Either a flight management system (FMS) or global positioning system (GPS) can provide airplane position (latitude and longitude) to

37、 the EGPWS. The look-ahead distance varies mainly with ground speed, The look-ahead caution alert is provided approximately 40 to 60 seconds before a potential terrain conflict, and the look-ahead warning alert is provided approximately 20 to 30 seconds before such a conflict.The altitude offset is

38、normally 700 feet (213m) below the airplane. The purpose of the offset is to provide terrain alerting when the airplane has less than the normal terrain clearance. 27CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）EGPWS: Terrain DisplayThe EGPWS terrain display is d

39、esigned to increase flight crew awareness of the surrounding terrain and to potentially avoid terrain conflicts entirely. The terrain display can be selected manually by the flight crew or displayed automatically when a look-ahead caution or warning alert activates. The terrain is displayed on the E

40、lectronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI) or navigation display (ND), or on a dedicated weather radar display in flight decks without map displays. The terrain is shown on the display in dotted patterns of red, amber, and green, with the colors indicating the height of the terrain relative to

41、the current airplane altitude .-dotted red: 2,000 feet (610m) above the airplane altitude -dotted amber: from 500 feet (152m) below the current airplane altitude to 2,000 feet (610m) above-dotted green: 500 feet (152m) below29CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）CEIAGround Proximity Warning Syst

42、em（GPWS）CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）To reduce clutter on the display, any terrain more than 2,000 feet (610m) below the airplane is not displayed, and instead remains the background color of black. Because the terrain colors are displayed relativ

43、e to the current airplane altitude, the colors will change as the airplane climbs or descends. In those areas of the world for which the EGPWS terrain database does not yet contain terrain data, a dotted magenta pattern will show on the display.EGPWS: Terrain Display33CEIAGround Proximity Warning Sy

44、stem（GPWS）CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Reference altitudeReference altitude35CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Peak displayThe following image illustrates the Peaks display at a high relative altitude.The following image illustrates the Peaks display at a low relative altitude.36C

45、EIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Terrain Alert Outputs37v If the GPWC finds the airplane is 60 seconds from a terrain conflict, it makes a terrain caution alert. These are the caution alert indications: Alert aural message, CAUTION TERRAIN Amber message, TERRAIN on the ND Terrain display on b

46、oth NDs (pop up function) Threat terrain on the ND changes from dots to a solid yellow color.v If the GPWC finds the airplane is 30 seconds from a terrain conflict, it makes a terrain warning alert. These are the warning alert indications: Aural message, TERRAIN, TERRAIN PULL UP Red PULL UP message

47、on the PFD Red TERRAIN message on the ND Terrain display on both NDs if not selected on either one (pop up function) Threat terrain on the ND changes from dots to a solid red color.CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Terrain Alert Outputs38CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Terrain Cleara

48、nce Floor(TCF)v The Terrain Clearance Floor (地地形净空基底或地形净空平面形净空基底或地形净空平面 ) function (enabled with TAD) enhances the basic GPWS Modes by alerting the pilot of descent below a defined Terrain Clearance Floor regardless of the aircraft configuration. v The TCF alert is a function of the aircrafts Radio

49、Altitude and distance relative to the centre of the nearest or destination runway included in the database. 39CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）TCF envelopeCEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Terrain database41CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Terrain database42CEIAGround Proximit

50、y Warning System（GPWS）Terrain database43CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Airport database44CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）Databases process and certification45CEIAGround Proximity Warning System（GPWS）EGPWS StandardvARINC 594ARINC 594vARINC 743ARINC 743vARINC 762ARINC 762vARINC 562A