科学技术史课件:第六讲-1 古印度文明中的知识.ppt
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1、第六讲第六讲 古古印度文明印度文明中的知识中的知识 主梵天指示婆罗门从事祭祀、科学和收取赠礼。他把畜牧业、商业和农业交给了吠舍,而首陀罗,主则命令从事手工业和做奴仆。 -伐育普兰那第八卷印度河和印度印度河和印度 印度河发源于中国境内冈底斯山,在印度河发源于中国境内冈底斯山,在支流汇聚中向西南方向穿过巴基斯坦,注支流汇聚中向西南方向穿过巴基斯坦,注入阿拉伯海。这里气候干燥,河谷不远处入阿拉伯海。这里气候干燥,河谷不远处就有沙漠。东部的恒河发源于喜马拉雅山就有沙漠。东部的恒河发源于喜马拉雅山雪峰丛中,它的支流由西北向东南横贯雨雪峰丛中,它的支流由西北向东南横贯雨量充沛、森林茂密的次大陆东北部,注入
2、量充沛、森林茂密的次大陆东北部,注入孟加拉湾。次大陆南部是德干高原,这里孟加拉湾。次大陆南部是德干高原,这里气候炎热,森林稠密,矿产丰富。气候炎热,森林稠密,矿产丰富。The India 印度河和恒河,这两条南亚的 大河,正如西亚的底格里斯河和 幼发拉底河、东亚的黄河和长 江、非洲的尼罗河一样,也是 哺育人类古老农业文明的摇 篮。考古学发现,先在巴基斯 坦境内产生的印度河流域文 明,是世界上最早的文明之一。哈拉巴文化 Harappan World 印度河畔的摩亨约摩亨约达罗(达罗( Mojenjo-daro 梵语死人之丘之意 )和上溯约644公里的哈拉巴两个古代城市遗址城市遗址考察,表明这里在
3、公元前2350年至公元前1750年便进入青铜时代,当时人们种植大麦、小麦、水稻、豌豆、甜瓜、枣椰、胡麻和棉花,养有水牛、山羊、绵羊、猪、狗和象。棉花对印度人,就像蚕丝对中国人,是最好的服饰原料。 这些经过规划的城市,用砖和木材建筑,是世界最早砖建房屋。建筑物地方是当时城市国家。摩亨约达罗街道基本是南北或东西走向,街道转弯处建筑物墙角砌成圆弧形,公共建筑有大浴池、卫城和粮仓,富人住处有楼房和庭院,浴池和厕所的陶制污水管道通向街心的石砌下水道。印度河流域青铜器有刀、斧、镰、锯、矛和剑,表明已掌握锻打、铸造和焊接技术。还发现标准精确一致的砝码和尺,表明已采用十进制记数。刻有文字或图画的象牙和石印章表
4、明,社会关系已相当复杂。印章还被打在包装货物的封口上,而货物最远被运到两河流域。The lost History 由于还不甚清楚的原因,印度河最早的文明突然衰亡了。至今发现的500多个古老字母还没有释读成功,城市衰落的原因也仍然不完全清楚。Although agriculture seems to have come late to India, arriving sometime around 5000 BC, India was one of the first regions to give birth to civilization. Only a few centuries afte
5、r the first Mesopotamian cities sprang up, a people living along the northern reaches of the Indus River discovered urbanization, metalwork, and writing. It is a mysterious civilization and one with no discernible continuity, for it thrived for just several centuries and then disappeared. The Indo-E
6、uropean immigrants who settled the region did not adopt most of the aspects of this civilization, and what precisely they did adopt is difficult to ascertain. So while Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Yellow River civilizations lasted for millenia and left their mark on all subsequent cultures, the Indus
7、 River civilization seems to have been a false start. For the overwhelming majority of human history, this early culture was truly a lost civilization. The mounds which stood where great cities once thrived excited interest in observers, but no one in their wildest dreams could have imagined that be
8、neath those large mounds lay cities that had been lost to human memory. In the 1920s, excavations began on one of these mounds in Harappa in Pakistan. While the archaeologists expected to find something, they did not imagine that a city lay beneath the earth. Archaeologists would later discover anot
9、her large city to the recovery of at least eighty villages and towns related to this newly discovered civilization. They named it Harappan after the first city they discovered, but it is more commonly called the Indus River civilization. While we have stones and tools and fragments and bones, we rea
10、lly have no ones voice or experience from the bustling days of the great Harappan cities. We dont know who the people were who built and lived there. We dont know, either, when they first built their cities; some scholars argue that Harappan civilization arises around 2250 BC, while others argue tha
11、t it can be dated back to 2500 BC or earlier. been built right upon the shores of the river. The Indus, however, is destructive and unpredictable in its floods, and the cities were frequently levelled by the forces of nature. Mohenjo-Daro in the south, where the flooding can be fairly brutal, was re
12、built six times that we know about; Harappa in the north was rebuilt five times. The Harappans were an agricultural people whose economy was almost entirely dominated by horticulture. Massive granaries were built at each city, and there most certainly was an elaborate bureaucracy to distribute this
13、wealth of food. The Indus River valley is relatively dry now, but apparently it was quite wet when the Harappans thrived there. We know this because the bricks that they built their cities with were fired bricks; since sun-dried bricks are cheaper and easier to make, we can only assume that over-abu
14、ndant humidity and precipitation prevented them from taking the cheaper way out. In addition, many of the Harappan seals have pictures of animals that imply a wet and marshy environment, such as rhinoceroses, elephants, and tigers. The Harappans also had a wide variety of domesticated animals: camel
15、s, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, and buffalo. Their cities were carefully planned and laid out; they are, in fact, the first people to plan the building of their cities. Whenever they rebuilt their cities, they laid them out precisely in the same way the destroyed city had been built. The pathways withi
16、n the city are laid out in a perpendicular criss-cross fashion; most of the city consisted of residences. Life in the Harappan cities was apparently quite good. Although living quarters were cramped, which is typical of ancient cities, the residents nevertheless had drains, sewers, and even latrines
17、. There is no question that they had an active trade with cultures to the west. Several Harappan seals have been found in excavations of Sumerian cities, as well as pictures of animals that in no way could have existed in Mesopotamia, such as tigers. There is not, however, a wealth of Mesopotamian a
18、rtifacts in Harappan cities. We know nothing of the religion of the Harappans. Unlike in Mesopotamia or Egypt, we have discovered no building that so much as hints that it might be a temple or involve any kind of public worship. The bulk of public buildings in the city seemed to be solely oriented t
19、owards the economy and making life comfortable for the Harappans. We do, however, have a number of tantalizing figures on various seals and statues. What we gather from these figures (and we can not gather much), is that the Harappans probably exercised some sort of goddess worship. There is, howeve
20、r, some sort of male god (maybe) that has the head of a man with the horns of a bull. In addition, we believe from various artifacts that the Harappans also may have worshipped natural objects or animistic forces, but the circumstances of this worship can only be guessed at. We know that the Harappa
21、ns were eventually supplanted by waves of migrations of Indo-Europeans. These new peoples, however, did not seem to adopt the religious practices of the Harappans, so it is not possible to reconstruct Harappan religion through the religion of the Vedic peoples, that is, the Indo-Europeans who constr
22、ucted the rudimentary Indian religion represented by the Vedas. Right at the heart of the mystery, like a person speaking behind sound-proof Like the civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, Harappa grew on the floodplains of a rich and life-giving river, the Indus. The original cities and m
23、any of the towns seemed to have glass, are the numerous writings on the artifacts that have been unearthed. Harappan writing was a pictographic script, or at least seems to be; as of yet, however, no one has figured out how to decipher it or even what language it might be rendering. The logical cand
24、idate is that the Harappans spoke a Dravidian language, but that conclusion, which may not be true, has not helped anybody decipher the script. Like the rest of Harappan civilization, the writing was lost to human memory after the disappearance of the Harappans. And finally they disappeared. And the
25、y disappeared without a trace. Some believe that they were overrun by the war-like Aryans, the Indo-Europeans who, like a storm, rushed in from Euro-Asia and overran Persia and northern India. Some believe that the periodic and frequently destructive flooding of the Indus finally took its toll on th
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