大气污染控制工程课件:第1章 绪论-923008835.ppt
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1、1大气污染控制工程主讲教师:王书肖主讲教师:王书肖 郝吉明郝吉明电电 话:话: 62782195 62782195Email: Email: hjm- hjm-2第一章第一章 绪论绪论主主 要要 内内 容:容:v大气污染及其分类大气污染及其分类v大气污染的影响大气污染的影响v大气污染防治法规与标准体系大气污染防治法规与标准体系v中国的大气污染综合防中国的大气污染综合防治治3第第1 1节节 大气污染及其分类大气污染及其分类1. 1. 大气圈及大气组成(重点对流层和平流层)大气圈及大气组成(重点对流层和平流层)42. 2. 大气污染的定义大气污染的定义vAir Pollution may be d
2、efined as any atmospheric condition in which substances are present at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on man, animals, vegetation, materials or climate (?).v如果大气中的某些物质达到一定浓度,并持如果大气中的某些物质达到一定浓度,并持续足够的时间,以致对公众健康、动物、植续足够的时间,以致对公众健康、动物、植物、材料、大
3、气特性或环境美学产生可测量物、材料、大气特性或环境美学产生可测量的不利影响,这就是大气污染。的不利影响,这就是大气污染。 5What is “Air Pollution” ?Air Pollution is the condition that the concentration of the harmful gases or particle discharged by anthropogenic activity is not negligible for human health, well-beings or well-beings of any other organism. (in
4、clude animal, plant and crops) Indoor: People spend most time. Pollution is usually much higher than outdoor, when the primitive stove is installed. Outdoor: Everywhere is polluted. So, it is difficult to evacuate from the pollution. 6Composition of the Atmosphere(Jacobson,2002)ex. Environmental Sta
5、ndard : SO2 = 0.1ppm7Variable inorganic compositions(Jacobson,2002)(= 4%)1 ppm = 1,000 ppb8Variable organic compositions(Jacobson,2002) Volume mixing ratio (ppbv)GasClean TropospherePolluted TroposphereLifetime Methane (CH4)1800180025009.4 yEthane (C2H6)02.515046 daysEthene (C2H4)011501.2 daysFormal
6、dehyde (HCHO)0.111200-Toluene (C6H5CH3)-130-Xylene (C6H6(CH3)2)-130-Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl)0.61-9How much amount ?103. 3. 空气污染系统空气污染系统(Air Pollution Systems) Increasing populationTechnological SocietyIncreasing economyChanged air qualityInconvenienceHealth problemsInternational conflictReduced freed
7、omsIncreasing costsNew technologies11 Emission sources Source control Atmosphere Receptors Receptors Humans Animals Plants MaterialsresponseAutomatic controlLegislative action Emission sourcesAtmosphere Receptors pollutantmixed and chemical transformation空气污染及控制系统空气污染及控制系统12The role of engineering (
8、E.S Rubin,2004)13q 大气污染的研究内容大气污染的研究内容 v Sources of air pollutantsv Pollution Control Technologyv Atmospheric behavior of air pollutantsv Effects of air pollutantsv Legislative and regulatory measures 144. 4. 排放源排放源: : Anthropogenic sources Transportation Electric power generation Industrial processe
9、s Industrial and domestic fuel burning Refuse burning Etc.15Sources of airborne pollution : power generation, industry, traffic, home cooking, and biomass burningSource: David Streets. Energy Use, Emissions, and Air Pollution in Asia16 Natural sources Geological: geyser, volcano, ocean Meteorologica
10、l: lightning Fauna: ruminants, termites(白蚁)(白蚁) Vegetations Etc.17基本控制方程:基本控制方程:Total Emissions=Population Activity level Emission factor For example: Activity level: Economic activity per capitaEmission factor: Pollutant emissions per unit of economic activity185. 5. 一次大气污染物一次大气污染物 ( (Primary Air P
11、ollutants) ): :v Pollutants released directly into the atmosphere in their unmodified forms and in sufficient quantities to pose a health risk. Sources of Primary Air PollutantsPollutantSourcesCarbon monoxideIncomplete burning of fossil fuels, Tobacco smokeHydrocarbonsIncomplete burning of fossil fu
12、els, Tobacco burningParticulatesChemicals, Burning fossil fuels, Farming operations, Industrial wastes, Building demolitionSulfur dioxideBurning fossil fuels, Smelting oreNitrogen compoundsBurning fossil fuelsHg196. 6. 二次污染物二次污染物( (Secondary air pollutants ) ): :vSecondary air pollutants are compoun
13、ds that results from the interaction of various primary air pollutants.vPhotochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants resulting from the interaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons with ultraviolet light.vThe two most destructive components of photochemical smog are ozone(O3) and peroxyacetylnit
14、rates(PAN,过氧乙酰硝酸酯过氧乙酰硝酸酯) 20光化学烟雾形成过程光化学烟雾形成过程 NO2(微量) NO2 + UV NO2 NO2 NO + O O + O2 O3 O3 + NO NO2 + O2 O3 O3 + HC 醛类及其它氧化物 醛类 复杂的有机化合物 刺激眼睛 NO 汽车排气 HC NO2 太阳 紫外光 紫外光 HC + O2 + NO2 + UV O3 + 甲醛 + PAN + 氧化产物 O3 PAN 甲醛、 丙稀醛等 伤害植物 伤害植物 刺激眼睛 刺激眼睛 氧化产物 聚合与核长大 气溶胶 光雾 21Rising Ozone Levels in Northern He
15、misphere152025303540455055Jan-87Jan-88Jan-89Jan-90Jan-91Jan-92Jan-93Jan-94Jan-95Jan-96Jan-97Jan-98Jan-99Jan-00Jan-01Jan-02Jan-03Jan-04OZONE CONC (PPB)Ozone Baseline monthly means12-month moving averageEuropeMace Head, Ireland(Dick Derwent, ICAP workshop, 2004)22Rising Ozone Levels in Northern Hemisp
16、hereAsiaJapan (341 sites avg.)(Oliver Wild, ICAP workshop, 2004)23Rising Ozone Levels in Northern HemisphereUSALassen N. P., CA(Dan Jaffe, ICAP workshop, 2004)24光化学烟雾实例光化学烟雾实例25v细颗粒物对人体健康和大气环境质量造成的危害要远细颗粒物对人体健康和大气环境质量造成的危害要远比粗颗粒物大比粗颗粒物大细颗粒物本身可能是有毒、有害物质细颗粒物本身可能是有毒、有害物质细颗粒物易成为其它污染物的运载体和反应体细颗粒物易成为其它污染物
17、的运载体和反应体细颗粒物污染可导致低能见度显著降低细颗粒物污染可导致低能见度显著降低7.7.细颗粒物污染(一次或二次污染物)细颗粒物污染(一次或二次污染物)26大气污染的影响城市和区域能见度大气污染的影响城市和区域能见度空气质量较好空气质量较好区域污染严重区域污染严重2005.10.29 API 482005.10.26 API 17627细颗粒物的组成细颗粒物的组成二次粒子污染二次粒子污染28细颗粒物的组成细颗粒物的组成二次粒子污染二次粒子污染10009008007006005004003002001000浓度(g/m3)2013/1/12013/1/32013/1/52013/1/7201
18、3/1/92013/1/112013/1/132013/1/15时间 PM2.5含水量 PM2.5 (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 有机物 黑碳29The importance of black carbon has only recently been recognized(Hansen et al., PNAS, 2001)Linkages of Air Pollution to Climate ChangeO3 (0.3+0.1)Black (0.8)Carbon308. 8. 酸沉降酸沉降: :vAcid Deposition is the accumulation of poten
19、tial acid-forming particles on a surface.vAcids result from natural causes and from human activities.vThe acid-forming reactants are classified as wet or dry. 31Molecules from natural sources, power plants, and internal combustion engines react to produce the chemicals that are the source of acid de
20、position3233酸雨的危害酸雨的危害水的低水的低pHpH值使得鱼的骨骼畸形生长,最值使得鱼的骨骼畸形生长,最终导致死亡终导致死亡引起树木的大量不正常死亡引起树木的大量不正常死亡严重腐蚀建筑物严重腐蚀建筑物349 9. . 臭氧层破坏臭氧层破坏: :vOzone absorbs ultraviolet light and is split into an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom:vOxygen molecule is also split by ultraviolet light to form oxygen atoms:vRecombina
21、tion of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules allow ozone to be formed again and to be available to absorb more ultraviolet light:OOO23OO2232OOO35vThis series of reactions results in the absorption of 99% of the ultraviolet light energy coming from the sun.vChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are strongly implic
22、ated in the ozone reduction in the up atmosphere. vThese reactions both destroy ozone. 23OClOOClClOOClO2361 10 0. . 室内空气污染室内空气污染37吸烟的危害吸烟的危害38经济水平和污染状况的综合比较经济水平和污染状况的综合比较 050100150200250300350400450500100100010000100000G GN NP P p pe e r r c ca ap pi it ta a i in n U US S D D o ol ll la ar rs s i i
23、n n 1 19 99 95 5A An nn nu ua al l T TS SP P c co on nc ce en nt tr ra at ti io on n( (u ug g/ /m m3 3) )DelhiShanghaiBeijingCalcuttaKuala LumpurBangkokManilaBombayJakartaSingaporeTokyoHong KongTaipeiSeoulW WH HO O G Gu ui i d de el l i in ne eTSP concentrations in selected cities in various years f
24、rom 1990 to 1995 and national GNP per capita 39第第2 2节节 大气污染的影响大气污染的影响1. 1. 对人体健康的影响对人体健康的影响CO对人体健康的影响对人体健康的影响CO(10-6)对人体健康的影响对人体健康的影响510 对呼吸道患者有影响对呼吸道患者有影响30 人滞留人滞留8h,视力及神经机能出现障碍视力及神经机能出现障碍40 人滞留人滞留8h,出现气喘出现气喘1201h接触,中毒,血液中接触,中毒,血液中COHb10%2502h接触,头疼,血液中接触,头疼,血液中COHb=40%5002h接触,剧烈心痛,眼花,虚脱接触,剧烈心痛,眼花,虚
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