（新教材）人教版（2019）必修第三册英语Unit2 定语从句 ppt课件.pptx

1、定语从句关系代词引导定语从句who，whom引导的定语从句which引导的定语从句that引导的定语从句whose引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句关系副词引导定语从句where引导的定语从句when引导的定语从句why引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”结构限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句的特殊情况限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别定语从句的其他用法先行词是the way时的定语从句先行词是time时的定语从句定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句的插入语现象that, which, who引导定语从句的区别只用that不用which的情况只用which不用

2、that的情况as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别定语从句基本框架：定语从句综述定语从句是由一个主句和一个从句构成的。被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词，引导定语从句的词叫作关系词（关系代词或关系副词），关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后。定语从句综述You are the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的建议他可能会听。（whose为关系代词。）Do you know the place where he has stayed for two years.（where为关系副词。）一、关系代词引导定语从句1.who, whom引导的定语从句当

3、先行词是人时，用who或whom引导定语从句。who在从句中作主语，用于口语时，可以作宾语；whom在从句中做宾语。The world makes may for the man who knows where he is going.世界让路与方向明确的人。（who代替the man。）Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert whom I interviewed for my article on Chinese Art.陈子江是我写有关“中国艺术”的文章而采访的一位剪纸专家。（whom代替expert，在从句中作interviewed的宾语，可以省略。

4、）Do not refuse to help those with whom you are not familiar.不要拒绝帮助你不熟悉的人。（在介词之后，whom不能换成who。）一、关系代词引导定语从句拓展which在定语从句中有时也做定语。It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go hiking in the mountains.这周末可能会下雪，如果这样的话，我们就不到山里去了。3.that引导的定语从句that既可指人又可指物，指人时可与who, whom互换，指物时可与which互换。that在从句中作主语、宾语或表

5、语，作宾语时可以省略。The world Wide Web is a computer network that allows computer users to access information from millions of websites via the Internet.万维网是一个允许计算机用户通过网络从数百万数据中读取资料的计算机网络。（that代替物，在定语从句中作主语，可与which互换。）David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had.戴维是我们班里最乐于助人的学生之一。 （that指人，在定语从

6、句中做宾语，可与who，whom互换，也可以省略。）一、关系代词引导定语从句3.that引导的定语从句that既可指人又可指物，指人时可与who, whom互换，指物时可与which互换。that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。If dreams die, life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.若如梦想灭亡，人生就是断了翅膀不能飞翔的小鸟。（that指物，在定语从句中作主语，可与which互换。）4.whose引导的定语从句whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在句中作定语，修饰名词。To give a few example, i

7、nsurance companies may not want to insure people whose genes predict certain illness.举几个例子，保险公司可能不想为基因显示有某种疾病的人投保。（whose在定语从句中指peoples。）一、关系代词引导定语从句whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在句中作定语，修饰名词。Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring.成功试一次旅行，第一步是由内心的热情铺就的。（whose在定语从句中指 journeys。）高频考点当

8、先行词是物时，“whose+名词”可用“限定词+名词+of + which”或“of+ which +限定词+名词”来代替。The house the windows of which face south is ours.=The house of which the windows face south is ours.=The house whose windows face south is ours.窗户朝南的那座房子是我们的。一、关系代词引导定语从句5.as引导的定语从句（1）as作关系代词既指人又指物，引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。一般用于suchas，the sameas，as

9、as结构中，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。（as指物，在从句中作主语，引导限制性定语从句。）The house are sold at such a low price as people expected.正如人们所料，这些房子已相当低的价格出售。（as指物，在从句中做宾语，引导限制性定语从句。）He is not the man as he was.他再也不是过去的那个人了。（as指人，在从句中作表语，引导限制性定语从句。）一、关

10、系代词引导定语从句（1）as作关系代词既指人又指物，引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。一般用于suchas，the sameas，asas结构中，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。Money, as someone once said, is the root of all evils.正如有人曾经说过的那样，金钱是万恶之源。（2）as引导非限制性定语从句，还可以代表整个主句的内容，意为“正如，像。”He is from the south, as I know from his accent.他是南方人，我从他的口音可以听出来。As was expected, he performed the

11、 task with success.正如所料，他成功地完成了任务。二、关系副词引导定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词通常是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。1.where引导的定语从句（1）where引导的定语从句用于表示地点的一些名词，如place，house等后，其含义相当于“介词+which”。Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。（where =in which。）I lik

12、e the park where there is a lake.我喜欢有湖的那个公园。（where=in which）二、关系副词引导定语从句（2）where在介词from后面引导定语从句时，作关系代词，且作介词from的宾语。其先行词通常为from，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。She climbed up the top of the temple, from where she could see some things in the distance.她爬上了寺庙的顶部，从那里她可以看到远处的一些东西。（3）当先行词为表示地点含义

13、的抽象名词point, position, situation, stage, state时，也常用where引导定语从句。He said if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.他说假定我们真的到了使用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。The next time you find yourself in a situation where you feel worthless, think about the most powerful

14、 hero you can imagine, and how they would react in your place.下次，当你感到自己没用的时候，相处依偎在你想象中最强的大英雄，以及在你这种情况下，他们会作何反应。二、关系副词引导定语从句2.when引导的定语从句when修饰时间名词，先行词通常为time，day，morning，year等。This is the hour when the place is full of people.这种时候这地方到处是人。（when=during the hour。）But it was a time when there were many

15、great philosophers.但这也是一个出现了许多伟大思想家的时期。（when=at the time。）The mouth that he was talking about was January.他正在谈论的那个月份是一月。（month在句中作about的宾语。）注意：当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不能用when。二、关系副词引导定语从句3.why引导的定语从句。（1）why引导定语从句时，先行词只有the reason。但the reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句用that或which引导。Unsuccessful people can

16、 always find reasons why theyre not doing well.不成功的人总能为自己的表现不好找到理由。（why=for which, 在从句中做状语。）He couldnt believe the reason that the worker gave him.她无法相信那个工人给出的理由。（reason在从句中做宾语，that=which。）（2）“the reason why”是why引导的定语从句，作原因状语。why可替换成for which, why后的理由不解释的说明reason的内容。I have come around to explain the

17、 reason why I was absent from the meeting.我来是为向你解释我当时没有到会的原因。二、关系副词引导定语从句“the reason that”是that引导的同位语从句，that不作成分，that后的内容是解释说明reason的内容。The reason that the car broke down doesnt hold water.车子坏了这个原因是站不住脚的。拓展三、“介词+关系代词”结构1.“介词+关系代词”结构的作用“介词+关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性从句。该结构中的介词依照具体情况而定。Covering a mile i

18、n the fastest time while doing gymnastically correct lunges is yet another event in which Ashrita is outstanding.阿什利塔的另一项出色的运动是用最快的速度做一英里的体操式的标准压腿前进。Knowledge is a city, to the building of which every human being brought a stone.知识是一座城市，每个人都曾添砖加瓦。Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked y

19、esterday?你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？（which在介词后不可省略。）三、“介词+关系代词”结构1.“介词+关系代词”结构的作用“介词+关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性从句。该结构中的介词依照具体情况而定。You are not the first I have said no to.（省略了关系代词，介词to职能位于句末。）注意：在介词后面作宾语的关系代词不能省略，如果省略了关系代词，介词必须放在定语从句的末尾。2.介词后关系代词的选用先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词一起也可位于介词之后。M

20、ountain Himalayas, the peaks of which are hardly seen, is the highestmountain in the world.喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山，它的山顶几乎看不到。（先行词指物，用which。）三、“介词+关系代词”结构先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词一起也可位于介词之后。Tom, by whom the window was broken, has been criticized by his teacher.汤姆打坏了这个窗户，受到了老师的批评。（先行词指

21、人，用whom。）He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen the bag.他就是被小偷从其房间偷走包的那个人。（whose与room一起置于介词from之后。）拓展：“介词+关系代词”前可含有不定代词、数词或名词等。He gave several reasons, few of which/of which few were valid.他给出了几个理由，几乎都站不住脚。三、“介词+关系代词”结构3.“介词+关系代词”结构的转换“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，有时可以与“介词+关系代词+不定式”转换。She must have

22、time in which to grow calm.她需要时间冷静。（=in which she could grow calm）Fred has some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.弗雷德在银行有些存款，用这些钱可以帮助他母亲。（=with which he can help his mother）三、“介词+关系代词”结构I have many friends, some of whom are businessmen.（定语从句。）I have many friends, of whom some are busi

23、nessmen.（定语从句。）I have many friends, some of them are businessmen.（并列句。）I have many friends, and some of them are businessmen.（并列句。）I have many friends, some of them businessmen. （独立主格结构。）我有很多朋友，其中一些是商人。拓展四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，这种从句不能省略，否则主句的意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般译成前

24、置定语，意为“的”。Papers cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty.早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。A soldier who does not want to be a marshal is not a good soldier.不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句2.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充或描绘作用，如果省略，也不影响主句的意思，主句也能独立存在，它与主

25、句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。The accident, which took place in Kingston, a town southwest of London, happened because of the fog.事故发生在伦敦西南部的一个小城市金斯顿，起因是有雾。Difficulty is the nurse of greatness, who roughly rocks her children into strength.苦难是伟大的养育者，她粗暴着晃动着摇篮让子女长大成人。注意：引导非限制定语从句的关键词不能省略。四、限制性定语从句与非限制性

26、定语从句3.非限制性定语从句的特殊情况（1）专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义，因而它通常只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。Hangzhou, which we visited last year, is one of the most beautiful cities in China.我们去年参观了杭州，它是中国最美的城市之一。（2）有时候，一个定语从句既可以作限制性定语从句，又可以作非限制性定语从句，但含义不同。There are 20 students in this class who are from the north of China.这个班里有20个来自中国北方的学生。（班里还可能有其

27、他学生。）There are 20 students in this class, who are from the north of China.这个班里有20个学生，他们来自中国的北方。（班里共有20个学生。）四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（3）which引导的非限制性定语从句，除在从句中作主语、宾语及表语外，还可以用作定语，但其前面必须有介词。He lost his temper, at which point I decided to leave here.他发起脾气来，这时我决定离开此处。注意：that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句。四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句4.限

28、制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别名词名词限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句作用起限定作用，限制或约束先行词。不可省略，否则主句意思不完整。对阵个句子的意义并不重要，即使省略，原句仍然成立。结构不用逗号与主句隔开。用逗号与主句隔开。功能是先行词不可缺少的定语。对先行词或主句作附加的说明。引导词 A.作宾语时可省略。B.可用that C.可用who代替whom A.作宾语时不可省略。B.不用that。 C.不用who代替whom。翻译通常意为先行词的定语“的”。通常译为并列句。四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（1）结构不同限制性定语从句常紧接在先行词后，主、从句间

29、没有逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.医生就是关照人们健康的人。（限制性定语从句。）As you know, I dont like drinking or smoking.你知道的，我不喜欢喝酒，抽烟。（非限制性定语从句。）四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（2）功能不同。限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰、限制；非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明。He asked me a question which was about my study at school.他问

30、了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。This is my motorbike, which was sent to me by my uncle.这是我的摩托车。它是我的叔叔送的。四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（3）先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词，非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、短语或整个句子。I know nothing that happened last night.昨天晚上所发生的事情我一点儿也不知道。（定语从句修饰前面的nothing。）He has made great progress, which makes he happy.他进步很大，这使我们大

31、家很高兴。（定语从句说明前面整个句子的内容。）四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（4）翻译成汉语的意思不同。非限制性定语从句一般要译成两句话，即把非限制性定语从句单独译成一句话放在主句之后，补充说明主句。The car which he drives was bought last year.他开的那辆车是去年买的。He drives a new car, which was bought last year.他开着一辆新车，这车是去年买的。五、定语从句的其他用法1.先行词是the way时的定语从句the way作先行词表示“方法，手段”时，后面的定语从句用that或in which引导，

32、也可以省略；若先行词在从句中作主语，宾语等，定语从句用that或which引导。I dont like the way （that/in which）be speaks to you.我不喜欢他跟你谈话的方式。2.先行词是time时的定语从句time若表示次数，应用that引导，that可省略；time若表示一段时间，则用when或at/during which引导。I could hardly remember how many times （that）Ive failed.我几乎记不清我已失败过多数次了。（time表示次数。）五、定语从句的其他用法2.先行词是time时的定语从句time若

33、表示次数，应用that引导，that可省略；time若表示一段时间，则用when或at/during which引导。He lived in a time when/during which there were no cars.他生活在一个没有汽车的时代。（time表示时间。）拓展：the time, every time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。By the time （when）he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.到14岁时，他已经自学了

34、高等数学。五、定语从句的其他用法3.定语从句中的主谓一致（1）定语从句中，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其后谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。Heres a letter from Mr. Brown, who wants to come to Paris.这是布朗先生的来信，他想来巴黎。Heres a letter from the Browns, who want to come to Paris.这是布朗一家的来信，他们想来巴黎。 （2）在“one of+复数名词”结构中，后接谓语动词时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但在“the one of +复数名词”或“the only one of

35、+复数名词”结构中，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。He is one of the students who are often late.他是经常迟到的学生之一。（迟到的学生不止一个。）He is the （only）one of the students who is often late.他是唯一一个经常迟到的学生。（迟到的学生只有一个。）六、定语从句的插入语现象在定语从句中有时会出现插入语现象，但却不影响定语从句的语序或主谓一致。I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.我建议你选择一位你认为善良而

36、友好的人。You should give a ring to Tom first, who Im afraid will not come.你应该先给汤姆打个电话，我怕他不来。七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 1.只用that不用which的情况（1）当先行词是all, much, little, few, some, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one或被不定代词修饰时。Many trees line the Sacred Way as well, including some pine trees that

37、were first planted during the Ming Dynasty.还有很多树木生长在神道的两旁，其中有一些是明朝种植的松树。（2）当先行词被the only, the last, the very等修饰时。Chatting was the only thing that interested her most.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的。This is the very book that I want.这正是我想要的书。七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 （3）当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。The present time is the

38、 best gift that you can give yourself.当前的时光是你能给自己的最好的礼物。（4）当先行词是序数词或前面有序数词修饰时。Dont trust the first sign that you see.不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。（5）当先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。She told photos of the things and people that she was interested in.她把所感兴趣的人和物都拍了下来。（6）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who is the person that is standing at t

39、he gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？ 七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 （1）先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语时，只用that不用which。（2）在双重定语从句中，如果一个从句用which引导，那么另一个从句用that引导。注意七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 2.只用which不用that的情况（1）关系代词前有介词时。Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates experiences, and the ways in which they showed

40、courage.用5到10分钟想想各位候选人的经历，以及他们是怎样展示勇气的。（2）在非限制性定语从句中。In 1198 was chosen as a number of Project 921, which is now called Shenzhou.1998年他被选为921工程的一员，现在又叫神州工程。 七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 （3）先行词本身是that, those时。Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?刚才在天空中闪烁的是什么？（4）先行词后有插入语时。How is the CD which

41、, as I have told you, is a great help to you.这就是那张我说过对你很有帮助的光盘。七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别（1）which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句后，as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前、之中和之后。The road was so slippery, which caused lots of accidents.路太滑了，以至于引起了很多事故。As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything

42、people can.任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做到人能做的一切事。七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 （2）当非限制性定语从句为否定句或谓语带的是一个复合宾语结构时，常用which引导。He criticizes Mary in public, which she doesnt like at all.他公开批评玛丽，对此她一点儿都不愿意。（3）在从句中作主语时，as后常跟动词的被动语态；若从句中的动词是主动语态，多用which作主语。He saw the girl, which delighted him.他见到了那个女孩，这使他很高兴。注意：as和which引导

43、非限制性定语从句并作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 （4）as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，翻译成“正如，正像”；which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可用and this代替，翻译成“这一点，这件事。”As is known to all, China is a country with the largest population in the world.众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。He sold his bicycle, which surprised me.=He sold his bicycle,

44、 and this surprised me.他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。七、that, which, who和as引导定语从句的区别 as常用于一些固定结构，不能用which代替：as we know/as is known to all众所周知as we all can see正如我们大家都能看到的那样as has been said before/above正如前/上文所述归纳定语从句巩固练习选择填空1.People spoke highly of the driver _,in spite of the terrible weather, had saved his passeng

45、ers from danger.A. which B. who C. whom D.as2.The island _ he lived in his childhood is far from the town.A. which B.in which C. on which D. that3.I hope to get _ a tool _ he repaired this machine with.A. such; that B. so; that C. such; as D. as; as4.The soldiers stopped at the edge of a wood , _ wa

46、s the right place for an ambush(埋伏).A. they thought where B. they thought whichC. where they thought D. which they thoughtBCCD定语从句巩固练习选择填空5.Nathan Hale , _ the British guard had found the maps of the British armys defense works, faced his enemy bravely.A.in whose boot B.in which boot C. whose boot D

47、. which boot6.The factory has 500 workers,40 percent _ are women.A. of which B. of whom C. of them D. of that7.He often talked about the artists and paintings _ impressed him greatly.A. which B. who C. that D.不填8.Students are sure to benefit from every minute _ the best(use) of to study their lesson

48、s.A. which makes B. what they make C. that is made D. when is madeABCC定语从句巩固练习选择填空9.This cook is _ we dropped in the other day.A. whom B. on whom C. the one D. the one on whom10.I will never forget the days _ we spent together and _ we made friends with some farmers.A. when; that B. that; when C. wh

49、en; when D. which; which11._is known to all, the Xisha Islands are the territories(领土)of China.A.As B. It C. Which D. That12.His family, _ all music lovers, dont want to miss MTV programmers.A. who is B. which is C. who are D. which areDCAB定语巩固练习选择填空13.Who is the person _ asked for me just now?A. wh

50、o B. that C. whose D. whom14.He asked more than one elder for advice, _ he hoped to make a wiser decision.A. which B.by which C.by which means D.by that means15.His technique has developed to the point _ he can repair many of the electrically powered farm machines.A. when B. that C. where D. which16