（2019版）新人教版高中英语必修第二册Unit 1 语法专题限制性定语从句学案（含答案）.zip
第一单元 语法专题-限制性定语从句语法精讲Grammar1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1.功能不同从句与先行词的关系能否去掉限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整非限制性定语从句对先行词补充说明可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍完整My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e-mail almost every day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)My elder sister,who has settled in Beijing,sends me an e-mail almost every day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)2.形式不同从句形式限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开He is the man who has been removed from the company.他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)The project,which lasted three years,cost no less than 1 billion dollars.这个工程历时 3 年,耗资不少于 10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)3.先行词不同从句先行词限制性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语非限制性定语从句名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句,先行词是“the best novel”)The novel,which I read last night,is very interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了,它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是“the novel”)She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)4.关系词的使用情况不同从句关系词限制性定语从句that,which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when,why非限制性定语从句which,who,whom,whose,as,where,whenThe film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing.我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)5.翻译方式不同从句翻译方式限制性定语从句一般译为定语非限制性定语从句一般译为并列分句Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)Lucy has an elder brother,who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)Grammar2 关系副词引导的定语从句 1.关系副词的指代及功能关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语We will never forget the days when we stayed at that beautiful countryside.我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待的那些日子。The place where they will go is their hometown.他们要去的地方是他们的故乡。The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.他迟到的原因是错过了火车。2.关系副词 when,where,why 在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,且可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成相应的“介词+关系代词”的结构。The day will come when (=on which) well win the final victory.我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。We know the place where (=in which) our teacher lives.我们知道老师住的地方。Do you know the reason why (=for which) he was so sad?你知道他那么难过的原因吗?I dont like the way that/in which you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。名师点津当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词,如 situation,stage,point 等,且先行词在定语从句中做状语时,常用关系副词 where 引导。They have reached the point where they have to make their own decisions.他们已经到了必须自己做决定的地步。特别提醒(1)当关系副词 why 引导定语从句时,why 只可换成 for which。(2)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 且从句中缺少方式状语时,从句应用 that 或 in which,或将它们全部省略。Grammar3 关系副词和关系代词的判断方法 关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中做的成分。若是做状语,则用关系副词或“介词+which”;若是做主语或宾语,则用关系代词。Ill never forget the days (that/which) I spent with my teacher.(宾语)我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。Ill never forget the days when I played with you.(时间状语)我绝不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year.(宾语)昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。The factory where he works was built last year.(地点状语)他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it.(宾语)这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.(原因状语)他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。Grammar4 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词做介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用 which 或 whom;介词可以依据从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这是你花大价钱买的车吗?This is the camera with which he often takes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。特别提醒(1)有些“动词+介词”短语,如 look for,look after,call on 等不可拆开而把介词置于关系代词之前。Is this the book (which/what) she is looking for?这是她正在寻找的那本书吗?(1) 介词可后移,此时关系代词可省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。This is the man to whom you could turn for help.This is the man (whom) you could turn to for help.这是你可以求助的那个人。Grammar5 定语从句中需要注意的问题 1.as 引导限制性定语从句时,常用于下列句式中:such+名词+as像一样的;the same+名词+as和同样的。2.当先行词是 time 时,若 time 表示“次数”,应用 that 引导定语从句,并且 that 可以省略;若 time 表示“一段时间”讲,应用 when 或“at/during+which”引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。That was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.那是在一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机的时代。3.定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致,但要注意以下几点:先行词是“one of+名词复数”结构时,关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式;但如有the very,the only,the first,the last,the right 等修饰 one 时,谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。4.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。The building had been repaired,the roof of which(=whose roof) was destroyed again in the big fire.那座大楼曾经被修复过,但在大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。5.“介词+whose”在定语从句中做定语,修饰其后的名词。Shes the very person in whose bag I found my lost journal.我正是在她的包中找到了我丢失的日记。语法专项练习题语法专项练习题 单句语法填空1.Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades agoparents tended to be more strict. 2.The loss of big trees was greatest in areastrees had suffered the greatest water shortage. 3.Sales director is a positioncommunication ability is just as important as sales. 4.We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true. 5.This is the pen withhe signed the historic document. 6.This is the only one of the best novels that(appear) this year. 7.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences. 8.JDr.Rowan, secretary resigned two weeks ago,has had to do all his own typing. 9.Many lessons are now available online,from students can choose for free. 10.Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, he gave it to his grandson. 第一单元 语法专题-限制性定语从句语法精讲Grammar1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1.功能不同从句与先行词的关系能否去掉限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整非限制性定语从句对先行词补充说明可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍完整My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e-mail almost every day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)My elder sister,who has settled in Beijing,sends me an e-mail almost every day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)2.形式不同从句形式限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开He is the man who has been removed from the company.他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)The project,which lasted three years,cost no less than 1 billion dollars.这个工程历时 3 年,耗资不少于 10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)3.先行词不同从句先行词限制性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语非限制性定语从句名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句,先行词是“the best novel”)The novel,which I read last night,is very interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了,它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是“the novel”)She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)4.关系词的使用情况不同从句关系词限制性定语从句that,which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when,why非限制性定语从句which,who,whom,whose,as,where,whenThe film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing.我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)5.翻译方式不同从句翻译方式限制性定语从句一般译为定语非限制性定语从句一般译为并列分句Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)Lucy has an elder brother,who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)Grammar2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 1.关系副词的指代及功能关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语We will never forget the days when we stayed at that beautiful countryside.我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待的那些日子。The place where they will go is their hometown.他们要去的地方是他们的故乡。The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.他迟到的原因是错过了火车。2.关系副词 when,where,why 在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,且可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成相应的“介词+关系代词”的结构。The day will come when (=on which) well win the final victory.我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。We know the place where (=in which) our teacher lives.我们知道老师住的地方。Do you know the reason why (=for which) he was so sad?你知道他那么难过的原因吗?I dont like the way that/in which you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。名师点津当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词,如 situation,stage,point 等,且先行词在定语从句中做状语时,常用关系副词 where 引导。They have reached the point where they have to make their own decisions.他们已经到了必须自己做决定的地步。特别提醒(1)当关系副词 why 引导定语从句时,why 只可换成 for which。(2)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 且从句中缺少方式状语时,从句应用 that 或 in which,或将它们全部省略。Grammar3 关系副词和关系代词的判断方法 关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中做的成分。若是做状语,则用关系副词或“介词+which”;若是做主语或宾语,则用关系代词。Ill never forget the days (that/which) I spent with my teacher.(宾语)我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。Ill never forget the days when I played with you.(时间状语)我绝不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year.(宾语)昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。The factory where he works was built last year.(地点状语)他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it.(宾语)这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.(原因状语)他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。Grammar4 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词做介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用 which 或 whom;介词可以依据从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这是你花大价钱买的车吗?This is the camera with which he often takes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。特别提醒(1)有些“动词+介词”短语,如 look for,look after,call on 等不可拆开而把介词置于关系代词之前。Is this the book (which/what) she is looking for?这是她正在寻找的那本书吗?(1) 介词可后移,此时关系代词可省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。This is the man to whom you could turn for help.This is the man (whom) you could turn to for help.这是你可以求助的那个人。Grammar5 定语从句中需要注意的问题 1.as 引导限制性定语从句时,常用于下列句式中:such+名词+as像一样的;the same+名词+as和同样的。2.当先行词是 time 时,若 time 表示“次数”,应用 that 引导定语从句,并且 that 可以省略;若 time 表示“一段时间”讲,应用 when 或“at/during+which”引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。That was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.那是在一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机的时代。3.定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致,但要注意以下几点:先行词是“one of+名词复数”结构时,关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式;但如有the very,the only,the first,the last,the right 等修饰 one 时,谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。4.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。The building had been repaired,the roof of which(=whose roof) was destroyed again in the big fire.那座大楼曾经被修复过,但在大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。5.“介词+whose”在定语从句中做定语,修饰其后的名词。Shes the very person in whose bag I found my lost journal.我正是在她的包中找到了我丢失的日记。语法专项练习题语法专项练习题 单句语法填空1.Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades agoparents tended to be more strict. 2.The loss of big trees was greatest in areastrees had suffered the greatest water shortage. 3.Sales director is a positioncommunication ability is just as important as sales. 4.We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true. 5.This is the pen withhe signed the historic document. 6.This is the only one of the best novels that(appear) this year. 7.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences. 8.JDr.Rowan, secretary resigned two weeks ago,has had to do all his own typing. 9.Many lessons are now available online,from students can choose for free. 10.Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, he gave it to his grandson. 参考答案1.when句意:几十年前,当父母变得更严格时,我们已经走到了其相反的极端。关系副词 when 引导定语从句,修饰先行词“a few decades ago”,并在从句中做状语。2.where句意:在树木缺水最严重的地区,大树的损失最大。where 引导定语从句,修饰先行词 areas,并在从句中做状语。3.where分析句子结构可知,此处为定语从句。position 是先行词,定语从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词 where。4.when句意:我们已经进入了一个实现梦想最好的时代。“an age”是先行词,表示时间,且在定语从句中做状语,故用关系副词 when。5.which句意:这就是他用来签署那份历史性文件的笔。“the pen”是先行词,常与介词 with 搭配,故用关系代词 which。6.has appeared句意:这是今年唯一出版的最好的小说的一部。根据“one of”可知从句谓语用单数,再根据“this year”可知,appear 动作已经发生,故填 has appeared。7.where句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中“she can say individual words but not full sentences”是一个定语从句,先行词是“the stage”,先行词在定语从句中做状语,故用关系副词 where。8.whose句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他现在只能自己打字。“Dr.Rowan”是先行词,在从句中做定语,故用关系代词 whose。9.which句意:许多课程现在都可以在网上找到,学生们可以免费从中选择。此处是非限制性定语从句,先行词是“many lessons”,在从句中做介词 from 的宾语,故用关系代词 which。10.when句意:史密斯先生拥有这幅油画直到 20 世纪 90 年代初,这时他把它送给了他的孙子。分析句子结构可知,when 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“the early 1990s”,并在从句中做状语。
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第一单元 语法专题-限制性定语从句语法精讲Grammar1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1.功能不同从句与先行词的关系能否去掉限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整非限制性定语从句对先行词补充说明可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍完整My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e-mail almost every day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)My elder sister,who has settled in Beijing,sends me an e-mail almost every day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)2.形式不同从句形式限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开He is the man who has been removed from the company.他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)The project,which lasted three years,cost no less than 1 billion dollars.这个工程历时 3 年,耗资不少于 10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)3.先行词不同从句先行词限制性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语非限制性定语从句名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句,先行词是“the best novel”)The novel,which I read last night,is very interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了,它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是“the novel”)She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)4.关系词的使用情况不同从句关系词限制性定语从句that,which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when,why非限制性定语从句which,who,whom,whose,as,where,whenThe film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing.我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)5.翻译方式不同从句翻译方式限制性定语从句一般译为定语非限制性定语从句一般译为并列分句Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)Lucy has an elder brother,who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)Grammar2 关系副词引导的定语从句 1.关系副词的指代及功能关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语We will never forget the days when we stayed at that beautiful countryside.我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待的那些日子。The place where they will go is their hometown.他们要去的地方是他们的故乡。The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.他迟到的原因是错过了火车。2.关系副词 when,where,why 在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,且可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成相应的“介词+关系代词”的结构。The day will come when (=on which) well win the final victory.我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。We know the place where (=in which) our teacher lives.我们知道老师住的地方。Do you know the reason why (=for which) he was so sad?你知道他那么难过的原因吗?I dont like the way that/in which you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。名师点津当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词,如 situation,stage,point 等,且先行词在定语从句中做状语时,常用关系副词 where 引导。They have reached the point where they have to make their own decisions.他们已经到了必须自己做决定的地步。特别提醒(1)当关系副词 why 引导定语从句时,why 只可换成 for which。(2)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 且从句中缺少方式状语时,从句应用 that 或 in which,或将它们全部省略。Grammar3 关系副词和关系代词的判断方法 关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中做的成分。若是做状语,则用关系副词或“介词+which”;若是做主语或宾语,则用关系代词。Ill never forget the days (that/which) I spent with my teacher.(宾语)我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。Ill never forget the days when I played with you.(时间状语)我绝不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year.(宾语)昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。The factory where he works was built last year.(地点状语)他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it.(宾语)这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.(原因状语)他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。Grammar4 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词做介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用 which 或 whom;介词可以依据从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这是你花大价钱买的车吗?This is the camera with which he often takes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。特别提醒(1)有些“动词+介词”短语,如 look for,look after,call on 等不可拆开而把介词置于关系代词之前。Is this the book (which/what) she is looking for?这是她正在寻找的那本书吗?(1) 介词可后移,此时关系代词可省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。This is the man to whom you could turn for help.This is the man (whom) you could turn to for help.这是你可以求助的那个人。Grammar5 定语从句中需要注意的问题 1.as 引导限制性定语从句时,常用于下列句式中:such+名词+as像一样的;the same+名词+as和同样的。2.当先行词是 time 时,若 time 表示“次数”,应用 that 引导定语从句,并且 that 可以省略;若 time 表示“一段时间”讲,应用 when 或“at/during+which”引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。That was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.那是在一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机的时代。3.定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致,但要注意以下几点:先行词是“one of+名词复数”结构时,关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式;但如有the very,the only,the first,the last,the right 等修饰 one 时,谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。4.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。The building had been repaired,the roof of which(=whose roof) was destroyed again in the big fire.那座大楼曾经被修复过,但在大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。5.“介词+whose”在定语从句中做定语,修饰其后的名词。Shes the very person in whose bag I found my lost journal.我正是在她的包中找到了我丢失的日记。语法专项练习题语法专项练习题 单句语法填空1.Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades agoparents tended to be more strict. 2.The loss of big trees was greatest in areastrees had suffered the greatest water shortage. 3.Sales director is a positioncommunication ability is just as important as sales. 4.We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true. 5.This is the pen withhe signed the historic document. 6.This is the only one of the best novels that(appear) this year. 7.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences. 8.JDr.Rowan, secretary resigned two weeks ago,has had to do all his own typing. 9.Many lessons are now available online,from students can choose for free. 10.Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, he gave it to his grandson. 第一单元 语法专题-限制性定语从句语法精讲Grammar1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1.功能不同从句与先行词的关系能否去掉限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整非限制性定语从句对先行词补充说明可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍完整My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e-mail almost every day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)My elder sister,who has settled in Beijing,sends me an e-mail almost every day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)2.形式不同从句形式限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开He is the man who has been removed from the company.他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)The project,which lasted three years,cost no less than 1 billion dollars.这个工程历时 3 年,耗资不少于 10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)3.先行词不同从句先行词限制性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语非限制性定语从句名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句,先行词是“the best novel”)The novel,which I read last night,is very interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了,它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是“the novel”)She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)4.关系词的使用情况不同从句关系词限制性定语从句that,which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when,why非限制性定语从句which,who,whom,whose,as,where,whenThe film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing.我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)5.翻译方式不同从句翻译方式限制性定语从句一般译为定语非限制性定语从句一般译为并列分句Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)Lucy has an elder brother,who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)Grammar2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 1.关系副词的指代及功能关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语We will never forget the days when we stayed at that beautiful countryside.我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待的那些日子。The place where they will go is their hometown.他们要去的地方是他们的故乡。The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.他迟到的原因是错过了火车。2.关系副词 when,where,why 在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,且可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成相应的“介词+关系代词”的结构。The day will come when (=on which) well win the final victory.我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。We know the place where (=in which) our teacher lives.我们知道老师住的地方。Do you know the reason why (=for which) he was so sad?你知道他那么难过的原因吗?I dont like the way that/in which you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。名师点津当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词,如 situation,stage,point 等,且先行词在定语从句中做状语时,常用关系副词 where 引导。They have reached the point where they have to make their own decisions.他们已经到了必须自己做决定的地步。特别提醒(1)当关系副词 why 引导定语从句时,why 只可换成 for which。(2)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 且从句中缺少方式状语时,从句应用 that 或 in which,或将它们全部省略。Grammar3 关系副词和关系代词的判断方法 关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中做的成分。若是做状语,则用关系副词或“介词+which”;若是做主语或宾语,则用关系代词。Ill never forget the days (that/which) I spent with my teacher.(宾语)我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。Ill never forget the days when I played with you.(时间状语)我绝不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year.(宾语)昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。The factory where he works was built last year.(地点状语)他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it.(宾语)这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.(原因状语)他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。Grammar4 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词做介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用 which 或 whom;介词可以依据从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这是你花大价钱买的车吗?This is the camera with which he often takes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。特别提醒(1)有些“动词+介词”短语,如 look for,look after,call on 等不可拆开而把介词置于关系代词之前。Is this the book (which/what) she is looking for?这是她正在寻找的那本书吗?(1) 介词可后移,此时关系代词可省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。This is the man to whom you could turn for help.This is the man (whom) you could turn to for help.这是你可以求助的那个人。Grammar5 定语从句中需要注意的问题 1.as 引导限制性定语从句时,常用于下列句式中:such+名词+as像一样的;the same+名词+as和同样的。2.当先行词是 time 时,若 time 表示“次数”,应用 that 引导定语从句,并且 that 可以省略;若 time 表示“一段时间”讲,应用 when 或“at/during+which”引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。That was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.那是在一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机的时代。3.定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致,但要注意以下几点:先行词是“one of+名词复数”结构时,关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式;但如有the very,the only,the first,the last,the right 等修饰 one 时,谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。4.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。The building had been repaired,the roof of which(=whose roof) was destroyed again in the big fire.那座大楼曾经被修复过,但在大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。5.“介词+whose”在定语从句中做定语,修饰其后的名词。Shes the very person in whose bag I found my lost journal.我正是在她的包中找到了我丢失的日记。语法专项练习题语法专项练习题 单句语法填空1.Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades agoparents tended to be more strict. 2.The loss of big trees was greatest in areastrees had suffered the greatest water shortage. 3.Sales director is a positioncommunication ability is just as important as sales. 4.We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true. 5.This is the pen withhe signed the historic document. 6.This is the only one of the best novels that(appear) this year. 7.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences. 8.JDr.Rowan, secretary resigned two weeks ago,has had to do all his own typing. 9.Many lessons are now available online,from students can choose for free. 10.Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, he gave it to his grandson. 参考答案1.when句意:几十年前,当父母变得更严格时,我们已经走到了其相反的极端。关系副词 when 引导定语从句,修饰先行词“a few decades ago”,并在从句中做状语。2.where句意:在树木缺水最严重的地区,大树的损失最大。where 引导定语从句,修饰先行词 areas,并在从句中做状语。3.where分析句子结构可知,此处为定语从句。position 是先行词,定语从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词 where。4.when句意:我们已经进入了一个实现梦想最好的时代。“an age”是先行词,表示时间,且在定语从句中做状语,故用关系副词 when。5.which句意:这就是他用来签署那份历史性文件的笔。“the pen”是先行词,常与介词 with 搭配,故用关系代词 which。6.has appeared句意:这是今年唯一出版的最好的小说的一部。根据“one of”可知从句谓语用单数,再根据“this year”可知,appear 动作已经发生,故填 has appeared。7.where句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中“she can say individual words but not full sentences”是一个定语从句,先行词是“the stage”,先行词在定语从句中做状语,故用关系副词 where。8.whose句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他现在只能自己打字。“Dr.Rowan”是先行词,在从句中做定语,故用关系代词 whose。9.which句意:许多课程现在都可以在网上找到,学生们可以免费从中选择。此处是非限制性定语从句,先行词是“many lessons”,在从句中做介词 from 的宾语,故用关系代词 which。10.when句意:史密斯先生拥有这幅油画直到 20 世纪 90 年代初,这时他把它送给了他的孙子。分析句子结构可知,when 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“the early 1990s”,并在从句中做状语。
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