（2019版）人教版选择性必修第一册英语Unit1-Uinit5单元语法归纳学案 .docx

1、1 1 / 1616 同步单元语法归纳同步单元语法归纳 Unit 1 People of Achievement 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 考点一考点一非限制性定语从句的引导词非限制性定语从句的引导词 1关系代词的选择关系代词的选择 (1)非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词 that 引导。 指人时,如果引导词在从句中作主语,要用 who,作宾语要用 whom/who； 指物时要用 which/as.在句中,即使引导词作的是宾语也不能省略。 Mr Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my fathers. 张先生

2、昨天来看我，他是我父亲的一位老朋友。(作主语) Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。(作宾语，不能省略) (2)as 和 which 的选择 1)as 引导的非限制性定语从句 位置灵活,可置于句首、句中和句末 先行词不可是一个词,通常是整个主句 as 有“正如，就像”的意思，表示依据、评论、态度、看法等 常用于以下动词的主、被动语态：know, say, expect, suggest,report 等 She has been late again, as was expected. 她又

3、迟到了，这是预料之中的事。(位于句末) As we had expected, Tom passed the driving test. 正如我们预料的那样，汤姆通过了驾照考试。(位于句首) Global warming, as we all know, has caused a lot of natural disasters.众所周知，温室效应已经引发了很多 自然灾害。(位于句中) 2)which 引导的非限制性定语从句 置于先行词之后，通常不置于句首 先行词既可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的部分 内容，是整个主句时从句谓语动词用单数形式 which 有“这/那，这/那一点”之意 The

4、se apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not produced any fruits. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。(which 指代 these apple trees) 2 2 / 1616 Tom passed the driving test, which made his parents very happy. 汤姆通过了驾照考试，这使他的父母很高兴。(which 指代整个主句) He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true

5、. 他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。(which 指代主句中的宾语从句) 2.关系副词的选择关系副词的选择 在非限制性定语从句中，关系副词(when, where, why)的选择方法和在限制性定语从句中的一样，即 引导词在从句中作时间状语时用 when，作地点状语时用 where，作原因状语时用 why。 The story in the book happened in Canada, where Doctor Bethune was born. 书中的故事发生在加拿大，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。 I left on Sunday, when everyone was at home.

6、 我星期日离开的，那天所有人都在家。 考点二考点二限制性限制性/非限制性定语从句的区别非限制性定语从句的区别 区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号与主句隔开。如： Do you remember the man who taught us English？ 用逗号与主句隔开。如： Ive been to London, which is a beautiful city. 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删去，句子意思将 不完整。如： This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 只是对先行词的补充说明， 如 删去，句子意思

7、仍然完整、明 确。如： The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. 译法上 译成先行词的定语。如： He is the man who lives next to me. 通常译成与主句并列的分句。 如： He is a generous man, who lives next to me. 关系词 的 使用上 1.作宾语时可省略1.不可省略 2.可用 that2.不可用 that 3 3 / 1616 考点三考点三“介词关系代词介词关系代词”引导定语从句引导定语从句 1关系代词的选取 在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词通常用 whom，

8、不可用 who 和 that；先行词指物时关系代词通 常用 which，不能用 that。注意：关系代词在从句中作定语时，要用 whose。 The young man with whom I travelled could speak French. 同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说法语。 This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. 这就是她花 1 000 美元买的戒指。 This is Mr Smith, in whose factory we work. 这就是史密斯先生，我们就在他的工厂里工作。 2介词的选取 (1)根据定语从句中的

9、谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。该动词与介词搭配构成动词短语。 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay for sth.) She is the person with whom I talked. 她就是我曾与之交谈的人。(talk with sb.) (2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的搭配确定介词。该形容词与介词搭配构成形容词短语。 He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied. 他带来了老板非常满意的结果。 (3)根据先行词

10、与介词的搭配确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介 词之间有一定的联系。 Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time？ 你还记得我们第一次见面的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? 你还记得我们在一起工作的那些日子吗？ (4)根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词与介词也不能构成 固定的动词短语，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。 This i

11、s the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. 这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 4 4 / 1616 3.“介词关系代词”的特殊用法 (1)含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开使用， 即介词不能提前， 常见的此类短语动词有 look for, listen to, look after, take care of 等。 这就是我正在寻找的手表。 【正】This is the watch (which

12、/that) I am looking for. 【误】This is the watch for which I am looking. (2)“介词关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few, three, several 等代词或 数词(相当于“介词关系代词代词/数词”)，也可以有名词(相当于“whose名词”)。 I bought many books yesterday, three/most of which (of which three/most) are written by Lu Xun.我昨天

13、 买了很多书，其中三本/大部分是鲁迅写的。 (3)介词 in, on, at, for 等与关系代词 which 一起引导定语从句时，有时可用相应的关系副词 when, where, why 等替换。 The reason for which (why) he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的理由还不清楚。 Great changes have taken place in the city in which (where) I was born. (4)“the名词of which/whom”一般可用“whose名词”替换，非正式文体中可以

14、用“of which/whom the名词”替换。 I came across a sentence when reading the newspaper, the meaning of which I didnt understand. I came across a sentence when reading the newspaper, whose meaning I didnt understand. 小练笔小练笔 1.We have launched another manmade satellite, _ is announced in todays newspaper. 2.El

15、len was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 3.There is no simple answer, _is often the case in science. 4.Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _ made one of the Chinese peoples longhead dreams come true. 5.I borrowed the b

16、ook Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me. 6.I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. 7.I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, as many businessmen _live

17、in downtown Tianjin do. 5 5 / 1616 8.Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 9.Just _ a famous saying goes, every coin has two sides. 10.The famous footballer, in _ honor a party will be held, is to arrive this afternoon. 11. _ is reported in the newspaper, a serio

18、us accident has happened recently. 12.The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least one month. 13.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, which has a great effect on my life. 14.Her father works in a factory,

19、_ he makes cars. 15.The old lady has two daughters, one of _ is working abroad. 16.This is one of the reasons _ you have to give it up. Keys: 1.which 2.who 3.as 4.which 5.which 6when 7.who 8.which 9.as 10.As 11.which 12.when 13.where 14.where 15.whom 16.why Unit2 Looking into the future 将来进行时将来进行时 考

20、点一考点一将来进行时的意义和构成将来进行时的意义和构成 意义：“将来某一时间正在进行的动作、预料要发生的或即将发生的动作。” 构成：将来进行时的形式 陈述式 I/We will/shall (not) be doing You/They will (not) be doing He/She/It will(not) be doing 一般疑问式 Will/Shall I/we(not) be doing Will you/they (not)be doing Will he/she/it (not)be doing 考点二考点二将来进行时的用法将来进行时的用法 1表示将来某时刻或某段时间正在进

21、行的动作。常与 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening 等表示将来的时间状语连用。 I will be having an English class at 8 tomorrow. 6 6 / 1616 我明天八点钟正在上英语课。 Mary will be working in the factory in the next two months. 下两个月玛丽将在这个厂里工作。 2在口语中常用来表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作。 This time tomorro

22、w I shall be flying to New York. 明天这个时候我将飞往纽约。 At 7：00 this evening I will be watching the news programmes on TV. 今晚七点，我将正在收看电视上的新闻节目。 3 表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的事情或将来的某种可能性， 说话人往往有“我料想”或“我估计” 的含义。 We believe that peasants life will be getting better and better. 我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。 If we dont do so, we shall be

23、making a serious mistake. 如果我们不那样做，我们就会犯严重的错误。 4表示亲切或委婉的语气。 When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？ 考点三考点三将来进行时应注意的情况将来进行时应注意的情况 1在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如： Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。 2将来进行时有时也用来委婉地提出请求或者表达其他含义。 A: Will you be passing the post office?你将会经过邮局吗？ B: Pro

24、bably. Why? 可能吧。怎么了？ A: I need some stamps.我需要些邮票。 B：OK. Ill get some for you.好吧，我给你买回来。 3将来进行时有时只单纯表示将来或按计划进行的事，而一般将来时则具有其他的意味。 Ill be working on this tomorrow.明天我将做这件事。(表示将来，意思是按计划进行) I will work on this tomorrow. 明天我要做这件事。(表示意愿，也可能表示许诺) 7 7 / 1616 Will you be joining us for dinner? 你会和我们一起吃饭吗？(表示

25、将来，询问计划) Will you join us for dinner? 你来和我们一起吃饭好吗？(发出邀请) 小练笔小练笔 1.I _(sleep) at 12：00 pm tomorrow. 2.This time next week we _ (work) in that factory. 3.When _ (see) Mr White? 4.The students _ (watch)TV at seven this evening. 5.This time tomorrow they _ (sit) in the cinema. 6.Please come tomorrow aft

26、ernoon, tomorrow morning I _ (have)meeting. 7.If I fail to appear by 7:00, I _(come) at all. 8.He _(tell)you about it tonight. 9._you _(need)anything else? 10.My duties will end in July and I _ (return)to US. Keys: 1. will/shall be sleeping 2. will/shall be working 3. will/shall you be seeing 4. wil

27、l be watching 5. Will be sitting 6.will be having 7.will not be coming 8.will be telling 9.Will;be needing 10.will be returning Unit3 Fascinating Parks 动名词作主语动名词作主语 动名词是非谓语动词的一种，起名词的作用，动名词还保留动词的属性，可以带有自己的宾语、状语 等。动名词常在句中作主语。 考点一考点一动名词作主语动名词作主语 1动名词作主语时多表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数形式。 Collecting information a

28、bout childrens health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。 易混辨析 动名词/不定式作主语 动名词动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Lying is wrong.撒谎不对。 8 8 / 1616 不定式 不定式作主语既可表示经常性、习惯性的动 作，又可表示具体的、一次性的动作。 To lie to her is wrong. 对她撒谎不对。 2.形式主语 it 代替动名词作主语。此类句式有： It is/feels funny doing sth.做某事.感觉.很滑稽 Its a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间

29、Its useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的 Its no good/no use/no fun doing sth.做某事没好处/ 没用/没意思 It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to give up smoking. 想说服他戒烟完全是浪费时间。 It is worthwhile reading such a wonderful novel. 读这样一本精彩的小说很值得。 It is no use arguing with him about such a matter. 为这种事情和他争论没

30、有用。 考点二考点二动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构 1动名词的复合结构作主语。形式通常有两种： 形容词性物主代词动名词 名词s动名词 Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是巨大的鼓舞。 2动名词的复合结构作宾语。形式有： 形容词性物主代词动名词 名词s动名词 人称代词宾格动名词 名词动名词 He left the city without our knowing it. 他离开这个城市我们大家都不知道。 小练笔小练笔 1_(know) basic first aid techniques will

31、help you respond quickly to emergencies. 9 9 / 1616 2Its no use _ (complain) without talking action. 3_ (leave) in charge of the shopping center has upset him. 4Toms _ (admit) into a famous university, as we had expected, made his parents happy. 5_ (injure) in the leg made it impossible for me to wa

32、lk as fast as usual. 6_ (walk) is a good form of exercise for the young and the old. 7Its no use _ (look) forward to hearing from her soon. 8What do you think made Mary so upset? _ (lose) her new bicycle. 9._(work) in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 10.It is no good _(spend) to m

33、uch time on the Internet. Keys:1.Konwing plaining 3.being left 4.being admitted 5.Being injured 6.Walking 7.looking 8.losing 9.Working 10.spending Unit4 Body language ving 形式作宾语和表语形式作宾语和表语 考点一考点一ving 形式作宾语形式作宾语 ving 形式可作动词(短语)的宾语和介词的宾语，我们在此重点讲解前者的用法。 1.在admit, avoid, consider(考虑), enjoy, escape, exc

34、use, finish, imagine， mind, miss, practise, suggest, delay, appreciate 等动词之后只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。 I often practise listening and speaking. 我经常练习听和说。 Do you mind passing me that dictionary? 你介意递给我那本词典吗？ 2在动词短语 give up，put off， get to(着手)，object to，look forward to，devote oneself to，cant help(禁 不住)等后用动名词作宾

35、语。 I object to being scolded for the trivial matter like this. 我反对因这样的小事而受人责备。 Everyone was looking forward to returning home. 大家都盼望着回家。 巧学妙记 巧记后接动名词作宾语的及物动词(短语)： 1010 / 1616 建议，考虑，坚持练(suggest，advise，consider，insist on，practise)， 允许，想象，弃冒险(permit，allow，imagine，give up，risk)， 阻止，抵抗，否逃脱(prevent，resist

36、，deny，escape)， 不禁，介意，保持完(cant help，mind，keep，finish)， 耽误，推迟，求原谅(delay，put off，require，forgive，excuse)， 承认，错过，欣喜欢(admit，miss，appreciate，enjoy)。 3动词 begin，start，continue 等后既可跟不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。但 begin， start，continue 本身用于进行时或后接 realize，wonder 等表心理活动的词时，常用不定式作宾语。 I was allowed to continue using the

37、library. 我获准继续使用该图书馆。 They continued to meet every week. 他们继续每周见面。 4动词 love，like，hate，prefer 等后可跟动名词和不定式作宾语，但接动名词表示经常性的情况， 接不定式表示具体的动作。 He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。 He doesnt like to swim this afternoon.今天下午他不愿去游泳。 5一些动词(短语)后既可跟动名词作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。这些动词(短 语)有： go on doing sth.继续干同一件事 go on to do st

38、h.接着干另一件事 forget doing sth.忘记干过某事 forget to do sth.忘记要干某事 try doing sth.试着做某事 try to do sth.努力做某事 remember doing sth.记得干过某事 remember to do sth.记住要干某事 mean to do sth.打算做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 cant help to do sth.不能帮忙做某事 cant help doing sth.禁不住做某事 I meant to tell you the truth，but it was too late. 1

39、111 / 1616 我本打算告诉你真相的，但是太晚了。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 错过那班火车意味着再等一个小时。 Ill try to learn Spanish. 我要努力学习西班牙语。 Why not try going by boat? 为什么不试着坐船去呢？ Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗？ 6need，want，re

40、quire 后作宾语的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。need/want/require doing need/want/require to be done。 Your house needs repairing.(Your house needs to be repaired.)你的房子需要修理。 Your coat wants washing.(Your coat wants to be washed.)你的外套该洗了。 注意：v.ing 的复合结构作宾语。形式有： 形容词性物主代词动名词 名词s动名词 人称代词宾格动名词 名词动名词 I knew nothing about the wi

41、ndow being open.我一点儿也不知道窗户开着。 考点二考点二ving 作表语作表语 1动名词作表语 作表语的动名词所体现的是名词的特性，用于对主语的内容进行解释说明，且主语和表语可以换位。 What I am tired of is waiting here alone. 我厌烦独自在这里等。 My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你们英语。 2现在分词作表语 作表语的现在分词是形容词性的，表示主语的性质或特征，主语和表语不可换位。 1212 / 1616 The result of the accident is shocking.这一事故的

42、后果令人震惊。 The argument is very convincing.这一论据很有说服力。 小练笔小练笔 1.Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _ (reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look. 2.I remembered_ (lock) the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights. 3.The news was _(shock)，and there was a _(fr

43、ighten) look on her face. 4.He got wellprepared for the job intervies,for he couldnt risk_(lsoe) the good opportunity. 5.Dont you remember _(see) the man before? 6. He declined my _(invite) him to join in our singing songs. 7. Our English teacher advised _(read) English aloud every morning. 8.Can yo

44、u imagine yourself_(stay) on a lonely island for three years? 9. We shall appreciate _(hear) from you again. 10. The thief missed _(catch)yesterday. Keys: 1.being reduced 2.to lock 3.shocking;frightened 4.losing 5.seeing 6.inviting 7.reading 8.staying 9.hearing 10.being caught Unit5 working the land

45、 主语从句主语从句 考点一考点一主语从句的定义和连接词主语从句的定义和连接词 1定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫主语从句。 How he was successful is still a puzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。 2连接词的选用 (1)that 和 what 的选用：that 和 what 都可引导主语从句。what 除了起连接作用外，还在名词性从 句中充当某些成分，如主语、宾语或表语。而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起 连接作用。 What he wants is a storybook.他想要的是一本故事书。 That light travels i

46、n straight lines is known to all.众所周知，光沿直线运动。 (2)if 和 whether 的选用： whether 和 if 尽管不充当句子成分， 但含有“是否”的意思。 whether 和 if 也 1313 / 1616 有不同的用法：if 可以引导主语从句，但从句不能用于句首，而应该放在句尾，并用 it 作形式主语。 whether 还可以与 or not 连用，语意不变。 Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 我们明天是否在户外开晚会要

47、视天气而定。 (3)其他连接词的选用：根据主语从句的具体意义，还可选择 who, which, when, where, why, how 等连 接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当成分。 When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定下来。 Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 昨天是谁打破的玻璃还不清楚。 Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你选择买哪辆车不会有任

48、何区别。 (4)whatever 和 whoever 的选用：whatever 和 whoever 在主语从句中不含疑问意义，不仅起连接作 用， 还在从句中作成分。 whatever 相当于 anything that; whoever 相当于 anyone who。 要注意 whatever, whoever 引导的主语从句和让步状语从句的区别。试比较： 无论谁破坏法律，都应受到惩罚。 Whoever breaks the law should be punished. (Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.) (whoever 引导的是

49、主语从句) Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. (No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.) (whoever 引导的是让步状语从句) 考点二考点二由由 it 作形式主语的主语从句作形式主语的主语从句 1由 that 引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用 it 作形式主语。 It is wellknown that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。 提示： 需要注意的是，it 作形式主语代替主语从句时，

50、要注意和 as 引导的定语从句的区别。试比较： 据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击。 It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. (it 代替主语从句，句中有 that，无逗号) As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack. (as 引导定语从句，句中无 that，有逗号) 2用 it 作形式主语的常见句型(1)Itbe形容词that 从句 1414 / 1616 这类形容词有 necessary, essential, clear, true, stran