（2019版）牛津译林版必修第一册英语议论文阅读理解&写作知识点讲义 （含答案）.docx

1、知识点一、议论文阅读理解知识点一、议论文阅读理解 【知识梳理 1】议论文的阅读方法 1. 抓论点、寻论据 阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论 题，我们就把握了中心。 2. 重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大体的理解。从论证方法上 讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： (1)“提出问题分析问题解决问题”的过程。 (2)“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。 3. 文章结构： (1) 一般来说，议论文会在第一或第二段提出论点，有的时候第一段是阐述一个现象或者提 出一个问题，目的为了引出论点或者引起读者兴趣。 (2) 一般情况下会有实

2、验。细节题容易针对实验过程及实验结果提问。 (3) 关注专家所说的话。 【知识梳理 2】题目类型 一、主题题型 1. 问 main idea, primary purpose, title 等等。 (1) 正确选项必须具备三个特征：有 focus； 无细节； 态度与原文一致 能找到主题句则直接看同义句，找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法。 (2) 先看选项的主体动词，迅速排除干扰项： presentation 型的文章：present, describe, explain, illustrate, point out? argumentation 型的文章：evaluate, criticize,

3、 refute, challenge, counter, correct 以上动词出现则优先选（只是技巧，并不绝对） 2. 问 focus 应直接定位主题句。 需要注意以下几点： 后面出现大段无关论述时：主题“从前不从后” ； 前面主题句已对某事物给了正态度，末尾再作转折，说一些毛病，缺点，这是倒让步，而不 是文章的重点，不用考虑！ 二、作者态度题型 态度题的做法： 1. 判断依据： (1) 判断句（系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词）通过找自由褒贬词对判断作者态度很有作用， 但前提是要对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好， 单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险， 但 这是一个思路。 (2) 某些名人说话引

4、号中的形容词或副词表评价： 所谓名人态度题分两种，一是作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显 的词 for example, such as.等等很多。二是作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是 给文章好开个头，批的就是他。这就是观点对立式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有： is tempted to say, it is previously believed that.等等。注意观点对立式这里就一定会出现意思 的强转折，例如 however, but, while, on the contrary 等等。 (3) 一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中： 负

5、：fail to/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook 正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine (4) 从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。 2. 做题注意事项： (1) 避免极端选项，太激进的选项，请注意极端选项排除法只是个辅助的方法，适用范围较 窄。 (2) 混和评价的正确选项的表达方式： a. but/and 如：critical but admirin

6、g (大正小负)correct but limited qualified (approval) (打了折扣的，有限制的)；guarded (criticism) (慎重的)； tentative (acceptance) (暂时的，尝试性的)；reluctant (criticism) (不情愿的) 知识点二、议论文写作知识点二、议论文写作 【知识梳理 1】议论文要素 议论文又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通 过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。 议论文三要素： 论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的

7、见解和主张；论据 是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据； 论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。 一般来说， 议论文每段应有主题句 (topic sentence) 来确定论点。文章结尾往往提出自己的看法、意见 或建议，表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。论证有立论和驳论两种，作者证明自己的论 点正确，是立论；反之，证明别人的论点错误，是驳论。 一般来说，第一段提出论点，第二段进行论证，最后一段总结。 议论文的注意事项 1. 论点要鲜明，不可含糊其辞；论据要充分，要能充分证明观点的命题性，论据过程要条 理清晰。 2. 文章安排逻辑性要强，推理要严密。 3. 重在说理，以理服人。 4. 主要使用现在时

8、态。 5. 中学英语书面表达所要求的议论文，是一种限定性的写作，其论点、论据和论证都比较 明确，有的文章提出问题，如：为什么？/怎么办？/该采取什么措施？可以结 合题目要求阐述相关的观点，切忌随意发挥。 【知识梳理 2】常见议论文模板 一、正反观点式议论文模板：一、正反观点式议论文模板： 导入：第 1 段： Recently weve had a discussion about whether we should (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic. (观点有分歧) 正文： 第 2 段：Most of the students are

9、in favor of it. (正方观点) Here are the reasons. First SecondFinally (列出 23 个赞成的理由) 第 3 段： However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place Whats moreIn addition (列出 23 个 反对的理由) 结论：第 4 段： Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages,

10、 for it will do us more good than harm, so I support it (个人观点) 二二、 “A”或者或者“B”类议论文模板：类议论文模板： 导入：第 1 段： Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would preferAbecause I think Ahas more advantages. 正文：第 2 段 There are m

11、any reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that Another reason is that (赞同 A 的原因) 第 3 段： All these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion thatAis superior to B in many ways.(得出结论) 三、观点论述类议论文模板：三、观点论述类议论文模板： 导入：第 1 段

12、：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favor of the decision. (亮明自已的观点是赞成还是反对) The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：第 2 段： First of all SecondlyBesides (列出 23 个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：第 3 段： In conclusion, I believe that (照应第 1 段，构成“总分总”结构) 四、连贯地连接信息：四、连贯地连接信息： (1) 常用的过渡词（组）

13、常用的过渡词（组） 1. 表示并列whats more, in addition, too ,as well ,besides, furthermore, moreover ,whats worse. 2. 表示因果 therefore, for this reason, thus, consequently. 3. 表示转折 but, however, on the contrary, instead, on one hand on the other hand 4. 表示时间顺序 later, afterwards, from then on ,eventually, in the mea

14、ntime, then, at the same time, after a while, at present, after that, finally 5. 表示列举 first, to begin with, secondly, first of all, then, next, finally 6. 举例说明 such as, for example, for instance, take for example 7. 表示让步 nevertheless, still 8. 表示对比 on the contrary, in contrast, similarly 9. 陈述事实 in

15、fact, actually ,as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth 10. 表示总结 in a word, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, on the whole, to conclude, in brief, in summary, in general, all in all 11. 表示意义重复 thats to say, in other words, to put it in another way, to put it differently 12. 表示强调 above all, more

16、 importantly, indeed, without any doubt (2) 常用的过渡句式有：常用的过渡句式有： 1. I do agree with 2. In some way, I agree with,but 3. This point sounds right, but 4. However, I think 5. I definitely believe 6. In my opinion/view, 7. Personally, I feel that/ Personally, I agree with 8.As far as Im concerned, 9. I ca

17、nt agree more with the father. Such cases are often seen in our life 10.Attitudes towardsare various. 11. for one thing. .for another 12. last but not the least. (3) 表达观点表达观点 认为think/feel/consider/say /hold that/hold the view that /insist/believe that 依我看in my opinion/in my view/ in my eyes /as far

18、as I am concerned 就我所知As far as I know 我有理由如下My reasons are as follows 我的观点如下Here are my opinions 赞成/支持Agree/be for/be in favor of 恐怕Im afraid that 我相信Im convinced that 我反对I dont agree with the idea that (4) 引用引用俗话说/常言道 There goes the old saying As the saying goes There is a saying As a proverb says

19、 As we all know (5) 常用句子常用句子 1. Different people (students) have different ideas. 2. Different people look at in different ways. 3. 60% of the students hold the view that On the other hand, 40% believe that 4. Opinions on the question are divided as follows:70% of the students think that. On the other hand, 30% dont like the idea of. 5. Id love to give my opinion about. 6. There are many advantages in First.Second, Third However , there are some disadvantages as well. Besides,