（2021新人教版）高中英语必修第一册作文专项突破之概要写作学案( 全册5份).zip

1 概要写作微技能概要写作微技能找要点找要点 Read for the gist I.确定文本体裁 typeskey information 记叙文 narration 5W1H:人物+时间+地点+事件 （起因起因+发展发展+结果结果） 说明文 exposition 描写某事物的性质功用。即 “对象对象+性质功用性质功用+利好利好”； 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题问题+解决方法解决方法”； 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。 即“现象现象+原因原因+结果结果” 议论文 argumentation 论点论点+论据论据(+结论结论) 1）议论文 As is known to all, sports stars earn large amounts of money every year. LeBron James, the famous American basketball star, for example, earns an income of more than 20 million dollars a year. Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve the high pay that they are getting. Some even say that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people. Their contributions(贡献） to society are much less than those made by doctors, firemen, scientists, professors, etc. But I can never agree with that. 2）说明文 Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An research shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly (相应 地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health. 3）记叙文 On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound of a car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping. As I took a right turn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a small pool of blood. He wasnt dead. The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didnt dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened. II.寻找主题句 1.主题句在段首 1)People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. 2)In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the 2 skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546. 若主题句过长，要尽量省略细节、从句，削减事例 2.主题句在段尾 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 3.主题句在中间 1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. 关注信号词（signal words）： but, however, sadly, in fact，so, as a result 等 4.主题句是设问+回答，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点 While sports are for fun, it does not mean that they are not important to peoples life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？ It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for their country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the peoples mental health. 要点： So many people watch the games because the sports stars make our life exciting and do good to peoples mental health. 5.没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意： 1)A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush. She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for its life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?” 要点：Its important to learn a foreign language. 2)For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 要点：The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces. 找关键词：关注被重复的词 6. III.关注信号词 IV. 1 概要写作微技能概要写作微技能找要点找要点 Read for the gist I.确定文本体裁确定文本体裁 typeskey information 记叙文 narration 5W1H:人物+时间+地点+事件 （起因起因+发展发展+结果结果） 说明文 exposition 描写某事物的性质功用。即 “对象对象+性质功用性质功用+利好利好”； 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题问题+解决方法解决方法”； 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。 即“现象现象+原因原因+结果结果” 议论文 argumentation 论点论点+论据论据(+结论结论) 1）_ As is known to all, sports stars earn large amounts of money every year. LeBron James, the famous American basketball star, for example, earns an income of more than 20 million dollars a year. Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve the high pay that they are getting. Some even say that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people. Their contributions(贡献） to society are much less than those made by doctors, firemen, scientists, professors, etc. But I can never agree with that. 2）_ Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An research shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly (相应 地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health. 3）_ 2 On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound of a car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping. As I took a right turn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a small pool of blood. He wasnt dead. The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didnt dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened. II.寻找主题句（划线）寻找主题句（划线） 1.主题句在主题句在_ 1)People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. 2)In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546. 若主题句过长，要尽量省略_，削减_ 2.主题句在主题句在_ Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 3.主题句在主题句在_ 1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. 关注信号词（关注信号词（signal words）：）：_ 3 4.主题句是主题句是_，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点 While sports are for fun, it does not mean that they are not important to peoples life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？ It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for their country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the peoples mental health. 要点： _ _ 5.没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意：没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意： 1)A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush. She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for its life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?” 要点：_ 2)For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 要点：_ 找关键词：找关键词：_ 1 概要写作微技能概要写作微技能换说换说 Restate the authors idea I.总原则：字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑，充 分考虑语句压缩 II.方法 1. 转化 1） 使用近义词或反义词 e.g.1 To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker performed two experiments. researchstudy; whetherif; performedmade e.g.2 Zhou Yang will never forget his first assignment as a journalist. never forgetremember; assignmenttask; journalistreporter 2） 短语变单词 e.g. Cleaning away dirt is good to health. cleaning awayRemoving; is good tobenefits 3） 从句变短语（介词短语、状语从句变非谓语、 定语从句变后置定语） 2 e.g.1. If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight. With the interviewees agreement, a recorder could be used. e.g. 2. The skin is a necessary organ, which can serve as a barrier against outside dangers. The skin is a necessary organ as a barrier against outside dangers. 4） 用广义词（general words）代替具体词 （specific words） e.g. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She brought home a lot of books and magazines. 5） 直接引语的主要信息变间接引语 e.g. The boss said to him, “ Till youre more experienced you can cover a story.” The boss said that with more experience he could cover news. 6） 主动句和被动句互换 3 e.g. Robert Baker, a psychologist at the University of Kentucky, performed two experiments. Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist. 7） 特殊句式（强调句、倒装句、there be）和正 常语序句式的转化 e.g.1. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information. You will obtain all the information if various questions are asked. e.g.2 such a “six sense” really exists. there is really a “six sense”. 8） 基本句型灵活转换 Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. (S+V+P) Dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill. (S+V+O) 2. 合并（用从句、分词或 with 结构） e.g.1 She was attracted by the beauty of nature. She decided to spend another two days on the farm. 4 Attracted by the beauty of nature, she decided to spend another two days on the farm. e.g.2 I have tons of homework to do every day. I hardly have any time to hang out with friends. With tons of homework to do, I hardly have any time to hang out with friends. 3. 连接：用衔接词把几个简单句合并成一个并列句 或复合句（连接词优先考虑最短连接词，如连接词优先考虑最短连接词，如 first 就比就比 in the first place 要好要好） e.g. We shouldnt be threatened, but challenged. Their presence is going to be a great blessing for society. Their presence is not a threat but a challenge as well as a great blessing for society. III.练习（将以上方法综合运用） 1. There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. People have changing opinions toward dirt over time. 或 peoples viewpoints towards dirt are changing. 2. Ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer studies ocean currents in a special way. Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an ocean expert, uses a unique way to study ocean currents. 5 3. Most stars are skilled in their own field not only because of their talents but also because of their hard training. They are the best in their fields thanks to their talents and hard training. 4. This kind of addictive behavior can lead to large financial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness. This kind of addictive behavior can lead to severe consequences. 5. The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy is far from accurate. The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy is wrong/not correct/incorrect. 或 It is wrong to think all processed foods are unhealthy. 6. e.g. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. They contribute to the spiritual well-being of their people. Sports stars performance bring people excitement and spiritual well-being. 6 7. When you spend time with people who constantly complain, you are likely to view things in a negative lights. Being exposed to constant complainers will make you one of them. 或 Exposure to regular complainers will probably affect your own point of view. 或 Contact with constant complainers tend to make you view things negative. 8. Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains and better rain and bus services, have brought them within reach to many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation. IV.换说常用词 1.同义替换词 difficult/demanding/challenging many/ a large number of/ plenty of/ a good many/ many a 7 abundant/ plentiful/ ample bad/ negative good/ excellent/ outstanding/ remarkable big/giant/ vast/ large/ huge/ massive/ enormous/ tremendous sad/ depressed/ frustrated different/ various/ a variety of/ diverse interesting/ amusing/ funny/ entertaining brave/ bold/ fearless/ courageous rich/ wealthy poor/ needy 2.连接词 附加 and, in addition, as well as, besides, furthermore, also, moreover, not onlybut also 顺序first, second, to begin with, then, next, later, afterwards 结果 as a result, result in, so, theref