Welcome unit Discovering useful structures 句子成分（主谓宾表补）课件ppt-（2019新人教版）高中英语必修第一册.pptx

1、高中英语语法 第2讲 句子成分 什么是句子？什么是句子？ 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是 能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第 一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？ ！ I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is ! 2.2.句子八大成分句子八大成分： 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即英语的句子成分主要有六种：即 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 （可以熟记为：（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定

2、状补主谓宾，定状补） 除了这六种主要成分之外，还有除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语表语” 和和“同位语同位语”的说法。但的说法。但表语和系动词表语和系动词 一起作谓语一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在，因此划分成分时，划分在 谓语上。谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语分为主语同位语和宾语 同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？ 2.1 主语主语 定义：句子所要表达、描述的人或事物。定义：句子所要表达、描述的人或事物。 eg. I am a Chinese student. John is my best friend. 注意

3、：注意： 1. 在在倒装句、疑问句、感叹句倒装句、疑问句、感叹句中，句子主语可放在谓中，句子主语可放在谓 语之后语之后 eg. Do you like it? 2. 在在祈使句祈使句中，主语中，主语you常常省略。常常省略。 eg. Dont move. 2.1 主语主语 Our English teacher helps us learn English. （_作主语）作主语） Nobody can climb up to the top of the mountain. （_作主语）作主语） I love you.（_作主语）作主语） Two will be enough. （_作主语作主

4、语） The young should respect the old. （_作主语作主语） 2.1 主语主语 名词名词 人称代词人称代词 数词数词 the+形容词形容词 不定代词不定代词 尝试：找出下列句子的主语，并指出什么充当主语 To see is to believe. （_作主语）作主语） Studying English is very important. （_作主语）作主语） That John is honest is true./ Where she lives remains a mystery. （_作主语）作主语） It is no use studying this

5、 book.（_作作_主语）主语） How to learn English well troubles me. （_作主语）作主语） 2.1 主语主语 动词不定式动词不定式 动名词动名词 从句从句 It形式形式 特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+动词不定式动词不定式 主语一般由_、_、_ (I、she等)， 或者相当于_的词、短语或从句充当(包括_、 _、还有_）。另外，为保持句子平衡，常用 _充当形式主语，而把充当句子真正主语的放在_。 2.1 主语主语 总结 名词名词不定代词不定代词人称代词人称代词 名词名词不定式不定式 动名词动名词主语从句主语从句 it 句尾句尾 a) That she was

6、chosen made a great stir (轰动轰动) in her school. b) It was a pity that you shouldnt go to see the film. c) What he wants to tell us is not clear. 练习：找出下列句中的主语练习：找出下列句中的主语 2.1 主语主语 1. 有时放弃一些事情可能意味着得到的更多。（mean） _ 2. 如何与别人友好相处是你应该学会的第二件事。 _ 3. 我打算告诉你的是关于我们学校向你们中文班赠书之事。 _ about the book donation from our

7、school to your Chinese class. 2.1 主语主语 练习：翻译下列句子，并将主语加下画线。 Sometimes giving up something can mean getting more. How to get along well with others is the second thing you should learn. What I am going to tell you is 4. 她对我唠唠叨叨。 _ 5. 凯特和琼经常用电话和邮件保持联系。（keep in touch） _ 2.1 主语主语 练习：翻译下列句子，并将主语加下画线。 She

8、talks too much to me. Kate and Jone often keep in touch by telephone and email. 2.2 谓语谓语 定义：谓语是用来说明主语做了什么定义：谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作动作或或 处在什么处在什么状态状态。谓语可以由。谓语可以由动词动词来担任来担任, ,一般一般 放在主语的后面。放在主语的后面。 分类分类 简单谓语简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成：由一个动词或动词短语构成 复合谓语复合谓语： 情态动词情态动词或其他或其他助动词助动词+ +动词原形动词原形 基本助动词基本助动词be、do、have 由由系动词加表语系动

9、词加表语构成构成 I am a student. I am beautiful. He likes reading. I can swim. She has finished the homework. I dont like apples. 2.2 谓语谓语 a) We come. b) The sun rose. c)Tired and hungry, we arrived home with nothing to eat. d) I have finished my homework so I can play now. e)Knowing his disadvantages, I ca

10、n defeat him easily. f)I am reading a book now. 练习：找出下列句中的谓语练习：找出下列句中的谓语2.2 谓语谓语 1. 我可以读幽默的故事，诗歌等等来提高我的英语口语。（“情 态动词实义动词”作谓语） I _ humorous stories, poems, and so on to improve my oral English. 2. 如果你能听我的解释，我将非常感激(grateful)。（系表结构作 谓语） I _if you _to listen to my explanation. 2.2 谓语谓语 练习：根据括号内的提示完成句子。 c

11、an read will be grateful are kind 3. 我完全相信(convince)以上的建议将使你们所有人受益匪浅。 （“助动词 + 动词”作谓语） I _ that the tips above will benefits all of you a lot. 4. 善始者善终。（“实义动词”作谓语） A good beginning _ a good ending. 5. 我报名参加比赛，并且获得一等奖。（“动词词组”作谓语） I _ the contest and won the first prize in it. 2.2 谓语谓语 练习：根据括号内的提示完成句子。

12、 am fully convinced makes signed up for 2.3 宾语宾语 定义：宾语是动作的定义：宾语是动作的对象对象或或承受者承受者，常位于，常位于 及物动词及物动词或或介词后面介词后面。 a) I like my job. b) I love you. c) He wanted to leave here. d) They enjoyed playing computer games. e) He asked where he was. f) The new medicine makes it possible to treat this terrible dise

13、ase. 作宾语的成分作宾语的成分 名词名词 代词（宾格）代词（宾格） 动词不定式动词不定式 动名词动名词 从句从句 it作形式宾语作形式宾语 2.3 宾语宾语 g) We think it no good playing online games. （_作宾语）作宾语） h) I think it necessary that we can fix another time for a trip to Beijing. （_ 作宾语）作宾语） 作宾语的成分作宾语的成分 it作形式宾语，作形式宾语，playing online games作真正的宾语作真正的宾语 2.3 宾语宾语 it作形式宾

14、语，作形式宾语，that引导的从句作引导的从句作 真正的宾语真正的宾语 （1）宾语一般由_、_，或者相当于名词 的词、短语或从句充当(包括_、_还有 _)。 （2）一般情况下，宾语都在_后面。当句子的宾语为 _、_、或_时，常用形式 宾语_，而把真宾语置于_，以保持句子的平衡。 2.3 宾语宾语 思考 名词名词人称代词宾格人称代词宾格 不定式不定式动名词动名词 宾语从句宾语从句 动词动词 不定式短语不定式短语动名词短语动名词短语宾语从句宾语从句 it句尾句尾 单宾语：一个宾语单宾语：一个宾语 双宾语：间接宾语双宾语：间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 复合宾语：（宾语复合宾语：（宾语+宾补）宾补） 宾

15、语宾语 的分的分 类类 1. I like English. 2. I am writing a letter. 1. He gave me( (间宾间宾) ) a letter( (直宾直宾) ). 2. I will email you( (间宾间宾) ) my training plan( (直宾直宾) ) 1. Tom made the girl( (宾语宾语) ) cry( (宾补宾补) ). 2. We consider him( (宾语宾语) ) a good teacher( (宾补宾补) ). 2.3 宾语宾语 1.He enjoys reading. 2.What he s

16、aid does not matter. 3.He said “Good morning.” 4.I showed him my pictures. 5.He admits that he was mistaken. 练习：找出下列句中的宾语练习：找出下列句中的宾语 间宾间宾直宾直宾 宾语从句宾语从句 2.3 宾语宾语 1.我真的希望你能给我一些如何学习英语的好的建议。 2.他突然想在启程之前再看看这座城市的美景。(think of, set out) 3.我妻子把面包扔向那个怪物。(creature) 2.3 宾语宾语 练习：翻译下列句子，并将宾语加下画线 I really hope tha

17、t you can give me some good advice on how to study English. Suddenly he thought of seeing the beautiful views of the city again before setting out. My wife threw the bread at the creature. 4.我不仅可以用我流利的英语向所有的游客介绍中国画，还可以 告诉他们一些关于中国画的其他事情，教他们一些基本的绘画知 识。(introduce, Chinese painting, fluent, basic knowle

18、dge) 2.3 宾语宾语 练习：翻译下列句子，并将宾语加下画线 I can not only introduce Chinese paintings to all visitors with my fluent spoken English, but also tell them something else about Chinese paintings and teach them some basic knowledge on how to paint one. 5.我们认为有必要学习如何在比赛中更好地相互配合。 (it作形式 宾语，真正的宾语为从句) (cooperate) 2.3

19、宾语宾语 练习：翻译下列句子，并将宾语加下画线 We think it necessary to learn how to better cooperate with each other during the match. 定义：位于宾语之后定义：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明对宾语作出说明的成分。的成分。 在英语中有些在英语中有些及物动词及物动词，接了宾语意义仍，接了宾语意义仍不完整不完整还需要有还需要有 一个其他的句子成分，来一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语补充说明宾语的的意义、状态意义、状态等，简称等，简称 宾补宾补。 2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补） a) I found

20、the book interesting. b) Do you hear Tom singing? c) He made himself understood. d) She asked me to lend her a hand. e) Please make yourself at home. f) Please keep the dog out. g) We must keep it a secret. 作宾语补足语的成分作宾语补足语的成分 形容词形容词 现在分词现在分词 过去分词过去分词 动词不定式动词不定式 介词短语介词短语 副词副词 名词名词 2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（

21、宾补） 作宾补的词类有_、副词、名词、_、 _、现在分词和_等。 2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补） 思考 形容词形容词介词短语介词短语 动词不定式动词不定式过去分词过去分词 The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road. 练习：找出下列句中的宾语补足语练习：找出下列句中的宾语补足语 2.4

22、 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补） 1. 这些书籍有望帮助同学们更好地认识和理解汉语。 Hopefully, these books _ 2. 如果我们竭尽全力，我们的国家将会变得越来越美丽。（be made） _if we try our best. 3. 我认为他拒绝我的提议是错误的。（用it作形式宾语） _to decline my offer. 2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补） 练习：翻译下列句子注意写好宾补，并将宾补加下画线。 will help the students to know and learn Chinese better Our country wil

23、l be made more and more beautiful I think it wrong of him 4. 我们选约翰为班长。 _ 5. 我注意到爸爸靠在那辆旧卡车上。（lean against） _ 2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补） 练习：翻译下列句子注意写好宾补，并将宾补加下画线。 We elected John monitor. I noticed my dad leaning against the old truck. 定义：又叫主语补足语定义：又叫主语补足语。 用于说明主语的用于说明主语的身份身份、特征特征或或状态状态。 一般位于一般位于系动词之后。系动词

24、之后。 2.5 表语表语 系动词：也称联系动词。系动词：也称联系动词。 是用来是用来辅助主语辅助主语的动词。的动词。 本身有词义，但本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语不能单独用作谓语， 其后必须其后必须跟表语跟表语，构成系表结构说，构成系表结构说 明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 状态系动词：状态系动词：be 持续系动词：持续系动词：keep, remain, stay, lie, stand 表像系动词：表像系动词：seem, appear, look 看起来像看起来像 感官系动词：感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste 变化系动词：变化系

25、动词：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 终止系动词：终止系动词：prove, turn out, 表达表达证实证实，变成变成 2.5 表语表语 I am a student Its hers. Time is precious. The war was over. Five plus two is seven. They seem to know the truth My hobby is reading. 作表语的成分作表语的成分 名词名词 名词性代词名词性代词 形容词形容词 副词副词 数词数词 不定式不定式 动名词动名词 2.5 表

26、语表语 He is out of condition. The book is what I need. 作表语的成分作表语的成分 介词短语介词短语 从句从句 2.5 表语表语 作表语的典型词类是_，也可以是_、数词 、介词短语、_、_、_等。系动词与 _共同构成_，表语说明_的性质、特征、身 份等。 2.5 表语表语 思考 形容词形容词 名词或代词名词或代词 分词分词不定式不定式表语从句表语从句 表语表语谓语谓语主语主语 1.The reason was that he missed the train . 2.It looks as if it is going to rain. 3.He

27、 fell in love. 4.They seem to know the truth. 5.The apple tastes good. 练习：找出下列句中的表语练习：找出下列句中的表语 2.5 表语表语 1. 尽管答案有些奇怪，但只有我对此产生了怀疑。（strange） _ nobody but I doubted it. 2. 几分钟过去了，但是整个班级一片寂静。（silence） Several minutes passed but _. 2.5 表语表语 练习：翻译下列句子注意写好表语，并将表语加下画线 Although the answer seemed a little str

28、ange the whole class was in complete silence 3. 我最关心的是下一学期谁会做我们的老师。（concern, term） _ 4.最后我需要做的是根据兴趣选择我最喜欢的专业。（major） _ _ 5.这对双胞胎非常感动，他们决定做更多的家务。（sothat, moved, housework） _ 2.5 表语表语 What concerns me most is who will be my teacher next term. What I need to do last is to select my favorite major accor

29、ding to my interest 练习：翻译下列句子注意写好表语，并将表语加下画线 So moved were the twins that they decided to do more housework. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 同位语同位语 句子成分句子成分 2.9 总结：句子成分总结：句子成分 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. 谓语谓语 主语主语定语定语 宾语宾语 同位语同位语 状语状语 每个部分在句中充当什么成分？每个部分在句中充当什么成分？ 谓语动作

30、谓语动作 发出者发出者 主语动作主语动作 或主语的或主语的 特征和状特征和状 态态 谓语动词谓语动词 的对象或的对象或 承受者承受者 修饰或限定修饰或限定 名词或代词名词或代词 对前面出现的名词的对前面出现的名词的 具体内容进一步的说具体内容进一步的说 明明 说明动作或状态特征说明动作或状态特征 1. 改正下列句子的改错。改正下列句子的改错。 Do exercise everyday is good for your health. That what he said isnt true. He came late made his teacher angry. On the desk is

31、two books. Go to a key college is my dream. 第二部分第二部分 专题过关测试专题过关测试 His coming late are To go Doing What 2. 用用 划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或 结构充当的结构充当的 There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother. There are five boys left. Our monitor is always the fir

32、st to enter the classroom. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away. He is not a man easy to deal with. A typhoon swept across the area with heavy rains and winds as strong as 113 miles per hour. Students brave enough to take this adve

33、nture course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. There is only one program worth watching today. 2. 用用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词 性或结构充当的性或结构充当的 There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother. There are five boys left. Our monitor is always the firs

34、t to enter the classroom. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. 不定式不定式 过去分词短语过去分词短语 形容词形容词 不定式短不定式短 语语 形容词形容词 介词短语介词短语 现在分词现在分词 The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away. He is not a man easy to deal with. A typhoon swept across the area with heavy rains and winds as strong

35、 as 113 miles per hour. Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. There is only one program worth watching today. 形容词短语形容词短语 形容词短语形容词短语 形容词短语形容词短语 形容词短语形容词短语 数词数词 数词数词 形容词形容词 形容词形容词 3. 用横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直用横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直 接宾语。接宾语。 I will bring you

36、 the book when I come next time. He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. She showed us many of her pictures. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 4. 分析下列句子成分，分析下列句子成分， 体会宾语与宾补之间的体会宾语与宾补之间的 逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。逻辑关系，并指出宾补

37、是什么词性或结构充当。 She found it difficult to do the work. They made him monitor of the class. They pushed the door open. Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground. The old man asked us to sit down. He noticed a man enter the room. By speaking slowly, he made himself understood. We want these trees plan

38、ted soon. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. I left the bag lying on the ground. She found it difficult to do the work. They made him monitor of the class. They pushed the door open. Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground. The old man asked us to sit down. 形容词形容词 名词名词 形容词形容词 现在分词短语现在分词短语 不定式不定式 He

39、 noticed a man enter the room. By speaking slowly, he made himself understood. We want these trees planted soon. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. I left the bag lying on the ground. 不带不带toto的不定式的不定式 过去分词过去分词 过去分词过去分词 过去分词过去分词 现在分词短语现在分词短语 V.语法填空（每空至多填三词）语法填空（每空至多填三词） 1.They planned_(take) two days off

40、next week. 2.He practiced _ (speak) English every day. 3.Here _(be) your books. 4.On the wall _ (hang) two pictures. to take speaking are hang VI. 写作技能提升写作技能提升 A.用形容词作后置定语。用形容词作后置定语。 1.你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know, next to） 2. 尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（sendto, nearest to, as soon as possible） 3.我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（di

41、ning hall, large enough, hold） Do you know the man next to Tom? Please send him to the hospital nearest to your home as soon as possible. We have a dining hall large enough to hold 3,000 students. VI. 写作技能提升写作技能提升 B.注意状语的顺序。注意状语的顺序。 4.那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework, in the classroom, carefully, at

42、that moment） 5.上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard） 6.他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform incredibly well, speech contest） He was doing his homework carefully in the classroom at that moment. We planted lots of trees in our schoolyard last Sunday. He performed incredibly well in the speech

43、contest yesterday. VI. 写作技能提升写作技能提升 C.注意频度副词的位置。注意频度副词的位置。 7. 我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will, forget, what he told me, never） 8.我经常去那家超市。（frequently, the supermarket） 9.他总是帮助别人。（always, helping） I will never forget what he told me that day. I frequently go to the supermarket. / I go to the supermarket frequently. He is always helping others. VI. 写作技能提升写作技能提升 C.注意频度副词的位置。注意频度副词的位置。 10. 我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never, treat an old man like that, should） 11.活到老，学到老。（one, never, too old to learn） We should never treat an old man like that. One is never too old to learn.