Book 1 Unit 1 Grammar 句子成分和句子结构 （2021新牛津译林版）高中英语必修第一册（高一上期）高一英语暑期课程.doc

1、1 新高一英语 2021 年暑期课程 M1 Unit1（上）Grammar 一.语法梳理 一）一）句子成分句子成分 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语的基本成分有七种：主语(Subject) 、谓 语(Predicate) 、表语(Predicative) 、宾语(Object) 、定语(Attribute) 、同位语 (Appositive) 和状语(Adverbial) 。 英语句子成分中，做主语就用主格，如“I”；做宾语用宾格，如“me”；做定语用 所有格，如“my”。这些形态变化对分析、辨认成分很有帮助。 英语成分的顺序一般是主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语，而表语、定语、状语的 位置要根

2、据情况而定。 1.主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式 等充当。 He likes watching TV. Walking after a meal is a very good habit. 2.谓语 We study for the people. Thousands of trees are planted every year. I can speak a little English. 3.表语 表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如 be)之后，说明主语的身份、特征、属性 或状态。一般由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等充当。 Mo

3、ney isnt everything. We soon became best friends. The map is on the wall. 2 My wish is to become an artist. My job is teaching English. My question is how you knew him. 4.宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能做宾 语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式等。 We like English. Remember to tell him to come. Please stop making noise. Do you u

4、nderstand what I mean? 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语， 指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink.=He gave some ink to me. 5.补语 补语是用来补充说明宾语的性质、状态等的一种句子 成分。一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词及不定式等充当。 We make him our monitor. When he arrived， he found all the people gone. 含有补语的句子在变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor.

5、 The girl was thought rather clever.e) 6.定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词、代词、数词、 名词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语等。形容词、代词、数词、名词等做定语时， 通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student. 但副词、动词不定式、介词短语等做定语时，则通常放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine. Look at the pictures below. The problem solved yesterday was very important. 3 He los

6、t this new pen that was bought last week. 7.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分，叫作状语。用作状语的通常是副 词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副 词做状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London. I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. He sat there，reading a magazine. They stopped to have a good look at the sce

7、nery. Although he is young，he knows a lot. 二）句子结构二）句子结构 英语句子的常见的基本结构有以下八种： 句型 1：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) (SV) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词.就是这种动词后不可以 直接接宾语。常见的动词有： work， sing， swim， fish， jump， arrive， come， die， disappear， cry， happen 等。 The accident happened. Spring is coming. 句型 2：Subject(主语) +Link.V(系动

8、词) +Predicative(表语) (SVP) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的身份、特点等。 其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1) 表示状态。这样的词有：be， look， seem， smell， taste，sound， keep 等。 This kind of food tastes delicious. He looked worried just now. The dinner smells good. 4 (2) 表示变化。这类系动词有：become， tum， get， grow，go 等。 Spring comes.It is getting warmer and warmer

9、. The tree has grown much taller than before. His face turned red. 句型 3：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语)(SVO) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词，所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接 宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。 He took his hag and left.(名词) LiLei always helps me when I have difficult es.(代词) She plans to travel in the coming May

10、Day.(不定式) She likes watching TV.(动名词) 1dontknowwhatI should do next.(从句) 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 句型 4：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Indirect object(间接宾语) +Direct oh ject(直接 宾语) (SV OO) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作的对象，在句中不可或缺，常常由 表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子 的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词充当。 引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy， pass，

11、 lend， give，tell， teach， show， bring， send 等。 Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. Sandy gave the dog some food. 上述句子还可以表达为： Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. The old ma

12、n always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. Sandy gave some food to the dog. 5 句型 5：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语) +Complement(补语) (SVOC) (1)此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不 能表达完整的意思，必须加上-个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 (2)宾语补足语：位于宾语之后，是对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有 逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。

13、 (3)宾语补足语的主要作用是补充、说明宾语的特点身份等；或者表示让宾语去 完成的动作等。充当补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词 不定式等。如： You should keep the room clean and tidy.(形容词) They painted the door green.(形容词) His father to d him not to play in the street.(不定式) I saw a cat running across the road.(现在分词) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Am

14、ericans.(过去分词） I found it difficult to lean English. 句型 6：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Adverbial(状语) (SVA) Li Ming works very hard. 句型 7：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语) +Adverbial(状语) (SVOA) We like the film very much. 句型 8：引导词 there 引导的句子 There is a park near our school. 二.基础练习： .指出下列句子中画线部分的成分 1.We al

15、l study hard at English. A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语D.表语 6 2.Betty likes her new bike very much. A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语D.表语 3.My brother is a policeman. A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语D.表语 4.Were you at home last night? A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 5.Winter is the coldest season of the year. A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 6.He often walks in the park. A.定语

16、 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语 7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 8.He bought me an ice present last week. A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 9.His parents are doctors. A.宾语 B 表语 C.谓语 D.定语 10.Ill get you some tea now. A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 11.My mother told us an interesting story last night. 3cA.表语

17、 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 12.He has read the book twice. A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语 13.They seemed unhappy when they heard the news. A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语 14.Do you have something to eat? A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补 15.We made him our monitor. 7 A.宾语 B.定语 C.状语 D.宾补 .指出下列句子的基本类型 1.They are listening. 2.My mother is fifty n

18、ow. 3.I have bought three books. 4.My friend gave me a birthday present. 5.I painted the wall white. 6.The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day. 7.They arrived at six oclock. 8.The map is on the wall. 9.Children often sing this song. 10.Mr Wu teaches us English. 11.She showed her fri

19、ends all her pictures. 12.I find him a lovely boy. 答案： I.1-5BBDBA6-10BCC CB11-15BB ABD .1.SV2.SVP3.SVO4.SV OO5.SVOC6.SVOA 7.SVA8.SVP9.SVO10.SVO 0 11.SV OO12.SVOC 三.课后练习 （一）指出下列句子中画线部分的句子成分 1.The provincial government and partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. 2.Learning Engl

20、ish as as second language can be a painful experience. 3.The answer broke his heart. 4.I was the queen of the playground. 8 5.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. 6.I gives us a great feeling of peace. 7.I found the opposite to be true， 8.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest c

21、haracters ever. 9.I prefer to go out and be out. 10. At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. 11.But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that. 12.It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling. 13

22、.Monkeys seem to have away with numbers. 14.It was in the middle of Pearl City. 15.Ive had many dreams since I was a child. 16.What I want is not just an ordinary cafe but a very special one. 17.Some students even call him“Grandpa” 18. You may have chances to meet new people wholl become your lifelo

23、ng friends. 19. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually. （二）指出下列句子结构 29.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. 30.This development did not take place overnight. 31.Some of them make him know them. 32.Mr. Haze，you are my sunshine. 33.Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. 34.They p

24、erformed their first concert inAmerica at CBS televisions53rd street studio. 35.That is the most important thing. 36. There are several reasons why school uniforms are a good idea. 37. The students feel that they belong to a particular group， 38. Can uniforms help improve school standards? 39. Prais

25、ing the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child 9 when she has worked hard to clean the yard， cook dinner， or finish a book report. 40.Guided tour includes bike，helmet， cookies and bottled water. 答案： 1.定语 2.主语 3.宾语 4.表语 5.状语 6.间接宾语； 直接宾语 7.谓语 8.状语 9.宾语 10. 主语 11.定语 12.主语 13.表语 14.表语 15.状语 16.主语 17.宾语补足语 18.定语 19. 谓语 29.SVP 30.SVA31.SVOC 32.SVP 33.SVO 34.SVOA35.SVP 36.there be 句型 37.SVO 38.SVOC 39.SVOA40.SVO