语法专题之非谓语动词- 学案-（2021新牛津译林版）高中英语（高一下期）必修第三册.docx

1、1 专题七专题七：非非 谓谓 语语 动动 词词 非谓语动词，主要指在句中不能充当谓语，而是充当其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种： 动词不定式、 动名词和分词 （包括现在分词和过去分词） ， 现在分词和动名词又统称为动词的-ing形式。 非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有时态和语态的变化。 一、动词不定式：一、动词不定式： 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not/never to do” 。在某些情况下可以省略to。 不定式可以带宾语、状语或表语构成不定式短语。没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不 定式可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和插入语，但不能单独作

2、谓语。不定式的逻辑主语 有时用“for/of+名词或代词宾格”构成。 1.1. 动词不定式的时态和语态概述：动词不定式的时态和语态概述： 动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式（不常用）四种时态的变化；一般式和完成 式有被动语态变化形式，因此，动词不定式共有六种形式。 （以do为例，列表如下） 时态主动语态被动语态 一般式to doto be done 进行式to be doing无 完成式to have doneto have been done 完成进行式to have been doing无 2.2. 动词不定式的时态：动词不定式的时态： 一般式（to do） ：不定式的一般式所

3、表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。 Im glad to meet you. 见到你很高兴。 He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。 He wants to be an artist. 他想要成为艺术家。 进行式（to be doing） ：不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，这一动作可以和谓语动词的动作同时发 生，也可以在谓语动词的动作之后发生。 They seemed to be talking about something important. 他们似乎在谈论重要的东西。 He pretended to be reading when I c

4、ame in. 当我进来时，他假装在看书。 I wish to be studying in the same university with you next year. 我希望明年能和你在同一所大学学习。 完成式（to have done） ：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前；又可表示 过去没有实现的愿望、期待、计划等，这时不定式的完成式和动词 expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, promise, think, want, wish 的过去式及 was, were, would like 等连用, 即：expected/hoped/in

5、tended/to have done sth.；was/were to have done sth.或 would like to have done sth.。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 很抱歉让你久等了。 2 He was known to have taken part in the Long March. 人们都知道他参加过长征。 I meant to have phoned you, but I forgot. 我本打算给你打电话的，但我忘了。 （=had meant to phone） He was to have been the n

6、ew minister, but he fell ill. 他原是要担任新任部长的，但他病了。 I would like to have gone shopping, but it rained. 我原想去购物的，但天下雨了。 完成进行式（to have been doing） ：不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前就 已经发生，并一直进行着。 The old man is said to have been raising cattle for more than twenty years. 据说这位老人养牛有二十多年了。 The boy was happy to have

7、 been staying with his aunt. 这个男孩很高兴一直和他的姑姑住在一起。 练习： 1) We agreed _ (meet) here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. 2) When the teacher came in, the children pretended _ (read) attentively. 3) I dont know whether you happen _ (hear), but Ill study in the USA this September. 4) I happened _ (cook) wh

8、en the telephone rang. 5) Is Bob still performing? Im afraid not. He is said _ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official. 6) I meant _ (come) to help you yesterday, but I was too busy then. 7) Police are now searching for a woman who is reported _ (miss) since the flood hit the area las

9、t Friday. 8) She is said _ (do) this work for 20 years. 3.3. 动词不定式的语态：动词不定式的语态： 动词不定式的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行 者时，不定式用主动语态的形式；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式一般需 用被动语态的形式。 动词不定式的被动形式有两种： 一般式 （to be done） 和完成式 （to have been done） 一般式（to be done） ：一般式的被动形式表示一个被动的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或 在它之后发生。 I wish

10、 to be loved and respected by all. 我希望受到大家的爱戴和尊重。 The room needs to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫。 完成式（to have been done） ：完成式的被动形式表示一个被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作 之前。 The room seems to have been broken into. 似乎有人闯进过这屋子。 This novel is said to have been translated into English. 据说这部小说已经译成英语了。 练习： 1) I feel greatly honore

11、d _ (welcome) into their society. 2) Dinosaurs have completely died out on the earth, never_ (see) again. 3) Cao Caos tomb is reported _ (find) in China, which attracts nationwide attention. 4)Anumber of paintings in the castle are believed _ (destroy) in a fire. (答案：1. to meet 2. to be reading 3. t

12、o have heard 4. to be cooking 5. to have left 6. to have come 7. to have been missing 8. to have been doing) (答案：1. to be welcomed 2. to be seen 3. to have been found 4. to have been destroyed) 3 4.4. 动词不定式的否定形式：动词不定式的否定形式： 动词不定式的否定形式为“not/never to do”。 She decided not to be late again. 她决定不再迟到了。 I

13、regretted not to have started earlier. 我后悔没有早一点出发。 He promises never to make such a stupid mistake. 他允诺不犯这样蠢的错误。 练习： 1) I am sorry _ (not write) you a letter at the time. 2) She pretended _ (not see) me when I passed by. 3) The teacher asked us _ (not make) so much noise. 4) Mrs. Smith warned her da

14、ughter _ (never drive) after drinking. 5) I regretted _ (not take) his advice earlier. 5.5. 动词不定式的用法：动词不定式的用法： 由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的特征，因此不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定 语、状语、补足语、和插入语，但不能单独作谓语。 作主语：作主语： 动词不定式可起名词的作用，在句中作主语，这时谓语动词常用单数形式。单独的不定式可以直 接作主语，但不定式短语作主语时往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To lean

15、out of the window is dangerous. 把身子伸出窗外是危险的。 It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。 （=To give up smoking is right.） It is a glorious death to die for the people. 为人民而死是光荣的。 （=To die for the people is a glorious death.） 但当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语it代替动词不定式。 To choose time is to save time. 合理安排时间就是节约时间。 To

16、respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。 练习： 1) _ (finish) this job in one day is impossible. 2) _ (know) everything is to know nothing. 3) It takes ten years _ (grow) trees, but a hundred years _ (rear) people. 4) Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day? 5) It is everyones d

17、uty _ (obey) the law. 6) No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _ (remain) silent. 作表语：作表语： 动词不定式作表语表示主语的职业、 职责、 目的或解释主语的内容等。 尤其当主语是job, work, duty, dream, task, wish, goal, aim, purpose, thing, step, way, hope, problem等时；或是what引导的主语从句时， 通常用不定式作表语。 My job is to teach.

18、 我的工作是教学。 Her duty is to look after children. 她的职责是照看孩子。 Our dream is to go to college. 我们的梦想是上大学。 (答案：1. not to have written 2. not to see 3. not to make 4. never to drive 5. not having taken) (答案：1. To finish 2. To know 3. to grow, to rear 4. it 5. to obey 6. to remain) 4 练习： 1) The purpose of new

19、 technology is to make life easier, _ (not make) it more difficult. 2) My dream is not to live on the earth but _ (live) on the moon. 3) In our school, the best way to earn respect is _ (achieve) high scores. 4)Always keep in mind that your main task is _ (get) this company running smoothly. 5) What

20、 I would suggest is _ (start) work at once. 作宾语：作宾语： 作动词的宾语。 a. 常用不定式作宾语的动词有：attempt 企图；afford 负担得起；arrange 安排；ask 问；agree 同意； appear 似乎，显得；apply 申请；aim 力求，力争；beg 请求；bother 打扰，麻烦；care 努力；choose 选择；claim 宣称，声称；demand 要求；desire 要求；determine 决定；decide 决定；dare 敢，敢于； decline 谢绝，婉拒；deserve 应该，应得；die 极想；ex

21、pect 期望；enable 能够；endeavor 努力；fail 没能；guarantee 保证；happen 碰巧；hesitate 犹豫；help 帮助；hope 希望；intend 打算；itch 渴 望；long 渴望；manage 设法；mean 打算；need 需要；neglect 疏忽，疏漏；offer 主动提出；pretend 假装；promise 允诺，答应；plan 打算，计划；prepare 准备；refuse 拒绝；regret 遗憾；swear 宣 誓； seek 试图， 设法； seem 似乎； thirst 渴望； tend 倾向于， 往往； try 努力；

22、threaten 威胁； undertake 承诺，允诺；wish 希望；want 想要；would like 想要；volunteer 自愿。 I hope to see you soon. 我希望很快见到你。 We want to visit the Yellow Crane Tower. 我们想要去参观黄鹤楼。 b. 作介词的宾语。常用不定式作宾语的介词有：but, except, besides。 We do nothing but wait. 除了等，我们什么也没做。 We have no choice but to wait. 除了等，我们别无选择。 注：注：but, except

23、, besides后接动词是否带to取决于他们前面是否有实意动词do。即有do没to，没do有to。 c. 用it作形式宾语。不定式作宾语，其后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定 式放在后面。 （即结构：find/think/consider+it+OC+to do） I find it interesting to work with him. 我发现和他一起工作是有趣的。 We think it better to start early. 我们认为早点动身比较好。 练习： 1) David threatened _ (report) his neighbor to t

24、he police if the damages were not paid. 2)As a result of my laziness, I failed _ (finish) my work in time. 3) He could do nothing but _ (wait) for the bus _ (come). 4) The lost child desired nothing but _ (go) home. 5) I dont think _ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 6)

25、 When we hurried to the station, there happened _ (be) no bus at that time. 7) We have planned _ (make) a school radio programme. 8) I find it very interesting _ (talk) with foreigners. 9) In winter, many animals manage _ (live) without eating for many months. 10) She desires not _ (disturb) for an

26、hour. 作定语：作定语： (答案：1. not to make 2. to live 3. to achieve 4. to get 5. to start) (答案：1. to report 2. to finish 3. wait, to come 4. to go 5. it 6. to be 7. to make 8. to talk 9. to live 10. to be disturbed) 5 动词不定式作定语可以用来修饰人或物，一般放在被修饰词的后面，往往表示未发生的动作。主 要有两种情况：一是不定式与被修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓关系；二是不定式与被修饰词构成逻辑上的 动宾关

27、系。 He is always the first one to come to school. 他总是第一个到校。 （主谓） I have something to say about this matter. 关于这件事我有话要说。 （动宾） 注：注： a. 如果不定式是由不及物动词构成， 作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系时其后必须加介词， 但当被修饰 的名词是 time, way, place 时，其介词常省略。 He is looking for a room to live in. 他在找房间住。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 Pl

28、ease give me a knife to cut with. 请给我把刀子割东西。 Its time to go. 该走了。 That is the way to do it. 这是做事情的方式。 He had no place to live. 他没有地方住。 b. 不定式和它前面被修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不 定式常用主动形式。 I have a lot of homework to do. 我有许多家庭作业要做。 （I do a lot of homework.） She has a sister to look after. 她有个妹妹要照

29、看。(She looks after a sister.) c. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的词是不定式动作的承受者时， 不定式既可以用主动语态， 也可用被动语 态，但其含义有所不同。试比较： Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（自己寄） Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（别人寄） He has two letters to type. 他有两封信要打。 （自己打） He has two letters to be typed. 他有两封信要打。 （别人打） d. 在there+be的结构中，当说

30、话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话 人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要做。 （需要人做） There is a lot of work to be done. 有许多工作要做。 （工作被做） e. the only, the best, the first, the last, the next, ability, ambition, attempt, anxiety, chance, campaign, curiosity, decision, desire, excuse, fac

31、t, failure, freedom, hope, honor, idea, mood, need, necessity, obligation, opportunity, offer, promise, plan, permission, reason, right, time, tendency, willingness, wish, way 等词后常用不定式作定语。 I dont think that he is the best man to do the job. 我认为他不是做这份工作的最佳人选。 I had no chance to speak him. 我没机会跟他讲话。 H

32、er anxiety to succeed led her to work hard. 她迫切想成功，这促使她努力工作。 练习： 1) He likes parties. He is always the first _ (come) and the last _ (leave). 2) The last one _ (arrive) pays the meal. Agreed! 3) The meeting _ (take place) next week is sure to be a great success. 4) We dont have enough paper _ (write

33、). 5) Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 6) With the world changing fast, we have something new _ (deal) with all by ourselves 6 every day. 7) If there is a lot of work _ (do), Im happy to just keep on until it is fin

34、ished. 8) I have no more letters _ (type), thank you. 9) There is no need/time _ (send) for a doctor. 10) The ability _ (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself. 作状语：作状语： 动词不定式作状语表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。 I came here to see you. 我来这儿为了看你。 （目的） We were very excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息，我们很激动。 （

35、原因） He hurried to the school only to find nobody there. 他匆匆忙忙赶到学校，结果发现没有人在那儿。 （结果） To look at him, you would like him. 要是看见他，你会喜欢上他的。 （条件） 注：注： a. 动词不定式作目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。 In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 We ran all the way so as not to be late. 为了不迟到，我们一路奔

36、跑着。 b. 动词不定式作原因状语往往跟在表示喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词或动词-ed形式的后面。 如happy, glad, nice, pleased, ready, eager, anxious, sorry, sure, likely, excited, surprised等。 I am very happy to see you. 见到你很高兴。 We were very surprised to hear the news. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊奇。 c. 动词不定式作结果状语，常用在“tooto do, enoughto do, only to do（不料，结果）, such a

37、s to do, soas to do”的结构中。 The boy is too young to go to school. 那个男孩太小了还不能去上学。 The room is big enough to hold us. 这个房间足够大能够容纳我们。 They hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. 他们急急忙忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。 It was such a good film as to move us to tears. 这部电影真好，把我们感动得都流泪了。 You would be

38、so kind as to lend me your bike. 把自行车借给我你真得太好了。 练习： 1) Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ (find) his plane high up in the sky. 2) He hurried to the booking office only _ (tell) that all the tickets had been sold out. 3) He was busy writing a story, only _ (stop) once in a while to smoke a cigare

39、tte. 4) Time should be made good use of _ (learn) our lessons well. 5) Helen had to shout to make herself _ (hear) above the sound of the music. 6) Tomorrow my father will go to Beijing _（为了）see his old friend. 7) She is so wise as _ (solve) the problem. 8) The child is too young _ (go) to school. 9

40、) The doctor and the nurses did all they could _ (save) the patient. (答案：1. to come, to leave 2. to arrive 3. to take place 4. to write on 5. to be made 6. to deal 7. to do 8. to be typed) 9. to send 10. to express (答案：1. to find 2. to be told 3. stopping 4. to learn 5. heard 6. in order to/so as to

41、 7. to solve 8. to go 9. to save) 7 作补足语作补足语： （包括主语补足语和宾语补足语） 在“主语+谓语+宾语+to do/do”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语；若改成被动语态，不定式就变成 了主语补足语。 a. 有些动词要求不定式带to作补足语，如ask, want, get, order, expect, force, warn, encourage, like, tell, know, persuade, advise, permit, teach, beg, invite, long for, wait for, arrange for, call on,

42、 rely on, depend on, would like等。 He asks me to help him. 他请求我帮助他。 （宾补） I am asked to help him. 他请求我帮助他。 （主补） b. 有些动词要求不定式不带to作补足语， 即一感feel； 二听hear, listen to； 三让let, make, have； 五看look at, see, watch, notice, observe。但这类词在改为被动语态时，要带to。 I see a boy pass by. 我看见一个男孩经过。 （宾补） Aboy is seen to pass by. 我

43、看见一个男孩经过。 （主补） 练习： 1) Soon they saw the boy _ (disappear) in the crowd. 2) She was seen _ (make) model ships in the room. 3) Birds are seldom heard _ (hear) at night. 4)Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _ (show) you to your room. 5) Who will you get _ (design) the project

44、 for us? 6) The doctor advised Mr. White _ (get) more rest. 7) I would like this room _ (redecorate) 8) My advisor encouraged me _ (take) a summer course to improve my writing skills. 作插入语：作插入语： 一些动词不定式可用作独立成分，表明说话人的态度。 To tell you the truth, this is all Greek to me. 说实话，我对此一窍不通。 To make the matter

45、worse, it began to snow. 更为糟糕的是，天开始下雪了。 It is a good project, to be sure. 那的确是个好方案。 注：可作插入语的动词不定式有注：可作插入语的动词不定式有： （请牢记）（请牢记） to be sure 的确，确实 to be honest 老实说，坦率地说 to be exact 精确地说 to be brief 简言之 to be frank (with you) 坦白地说 to begin with 首先 to tell (you ) the truth 说实话 to make the matter worse 更为糟糕

46、的是 to cut a long story short 长话短说 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 needless to say 不用说，当然 strange to say 说也奇怪 练习： 1) _（坦白地说）, I have no money to spare. 2) _（说也奇怪）, he should have done such a thing. 3) I lost my way in complete darkness and, _（更为糟糕的是）, it began to rain. 4) The idea “happiness,” _（的确）, will

47、 not sit still for easy definition. (答案：1. disappear 2. to make 3. to hear 4. show 5. to design 6. to get 7. to be redecorated 8. to take) (答案：1. To be frank with you 2. Strange to say 3. to make the matter worse 4. to be sure) 8 6.6.动词不定式常见的结构及用法：动词不定式常见的结构及用法： “be+to do”结构结构 在这种结构中，助动词be只有一般现在时和一般

48、过去时两种形式。 a. 表示计划或安排，意为“将要，打算” 。 Their daughter is to be married soon. 他们的女儿不久就要结婚了。 We were to help the old. 我们要去帮助那些老人。 b. 表示指示，命令或要求等，意为“必须，应该，可以” 。 You were to explain this. 你必须对此作出解释。 You are not to smoke in the office. 你不可以在办公室里抽烟。 c. 表示可能性，意为“可能” 。 Who is to question him? 谁有可能审问他？ Such books a

49、re to be found in any library. 这种书哪个图书馆都可能有。 d. 用于条件句中，意为“想要（如何） ” 。 If you are to pass the exam, you must study hard. 如果你想要通过考试的话，你必须努力学习。 In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive. 在这样干燥的天气里，如果花儿想要存活，他们必须被浇水。 e. 用于第一人称的疑问句中，表示征求意见，意为“应该” 。 How am I to answer h

50、im? 我该怎样答复他？ Where am I to fix up the tent? 我该在哪里支起帐篷？ f. 表示目的，主语的工作，性质等。 The dinner is to honor the guests. 这顿饭是宴请客人的。 My job is to teach. 我的工作是教书。 练习： 1) This naughty boy is _(stay) here until the class is over. 这个淘气的男孩必须在这里站到下课。 2) We are _ (meet) our professor at the station this afternoon. 今天下午