天文学概论全册配套最完整精品课件2.ppt
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1、天文学概论全册配套最完整天文学概论全册配套最完整 精品课件精品课件2 通识课 天文学概论天文学概论 第一章 宇宙概观 1.1 太阳系 1.2 恒星世界 1.3 银河系及河外星系 1.1.1 太阳 1.1.2 太阳系行星 1.1.3 地球 1.1.4 日月食 1.1.5 太阳系的物质分布 1.1 1.1.1 太阳 太阳大气(the Solar Atmosphere) Heat Flow 太阳内部 只有在日食 期间可观测 到 人眼看到的太阳 光球 色球 日冕 Apparent surface layer of the sun 光球(photosphere) 日冕 Depth 500 km Temp
2、erature 5800 oK Highly opaque (H- ions) Absorbs and re-emits radiation produced in the solar interior 光球的能力传输 Energy generated in the suns center must be transported outward. In the photosphere, this happens through 对流对流 (Convection) Bubbles of hot gas rising up Cool gas sinking down 1000 km Bubbles
3、 last for 10 20 min. 米粒组织(Granulation) is the visible consequence of convection 色球(Chromosphere) Chromospheric structures visible in Ha emission (filtergram) Region of suns atmosphere just above the photosphere. Visible, UV, and X-ray lines from highly ionized gases Temperature increases gradually f
4、rom 4500 oK to 10,000 oK, then jumps to 1 million oK Transition region Filaments 针状体 Spicules: Filaments of cooler gas from the photosphere, rising up into the chromosphere. Visible in Ha emission. Each one lasting about 5 15 min. 太阳大气层 Visible Photosphere Ultraviolet Chromosphere Coronal activity,
5、seen in visible light Corona Sun Spot Regions 日冕磁场 Corona contains very low-density, very hot (1 million oK) gas Coronal gas is heated through motions of magnetic fields anchored in the photosphere below (“magnetic carpet”) Computer model of the magnetic carpet 太阳风(the Solar Atmosphere) Constant flo
6、w of particles from the sun. Velocity 300 800 km/s Sun is constantly losing mass: 107 tons/year ( 10-14 of its mass per year) 日震(Helioseismology) The solar interior is opaque (i.e. it absorbs light) out to the photosphere. Only way to investigate solar interior is through Helioseismology = analysis
7、of vibration patterns visible on the solar surface: Approx. 10 million wave patterns! 太阳黑子(Sun Spots) Cooler regions of the photosphere (T 4240 K). Only appear dark against the bright sun. Would still be brighter than the full moon when placed on the night sky! 太阳黑子(2) Active Regions Visible Ultravi
8、olet 太阳表面 Solar Activity, seen in soft X-rays 黑子中的磁场 (Magnetic Fields in Sun Spots) Magnetic fields on the photosphere can be measured through the Zeeman effect Sun Spots are related to magnetic activity on the photosphere 太阳黑子 (3) Magnetic field in sun spots is about 1000 times stronger than averag
9、e. In sun spots, magnetic field lines emerge out of the photosphere. Magnetic North Poles Magnetic South Poles 磁力线(Magnetic Field Lines) Magnetic North Pole Magnetic South Pole Magnetic Field Lines 恒星黑子(Star Spots)? Other stars might also have sun spot activity: Image constructed from changing Doppl
10、er shift measurements 太阳周(The Solar Cycle) 11-year cycle Reversal of magnetic polarity After 11 years, North/South order of leading/trailing sun spots is reversed = Total solar cycle = 22 years 太阳周(2) 蒙德蝴蝶图(蒙德蝴蝶图(Maunder Butterfly Diagram) Sun spot cycle starts out with spots at higher latitudes on
11、the sun Evolve to lower latitudes (towards the equator) throughout the cycle. 太阳磁动力学(Magnetic Dynamo) This differential rotation might be responsible for magnetic activity of the sun. The sun rotates faster at the equator than near the poles. 磁环(Magnetic Loops) Magnetic field lines 太阳磁活动周(Magnetic C
12、ycle) After 11 years, the magnetic field pattern becomes so complex that the field structure is re-arranged. New magnetic field structure is similar to the original one, but reversed! New 11-year cycle starts with reversed magnetic-field orientation 蒙德极小期(The Maunder Minimum) Historical data indicat
13、e a very quiet phase of the sun, 1650 1700: The Maunder Minimum The sun spot number also fluctuates on much longer time scales: 其他恒星上的磁活动周 (Magnetic Cycles on Other Stars) H and K line emission of ionized Calcium indicate magnetic activity also on other stars. 日珥(Prominences) Looped Prominences: gas
14、 ejected from the suns photosphere, flowing along magnetic loops Relatively cool gas (60,000 80,000 oK) May be seen as dark filaments against the bright background of the photosphere 爆发的日珥 (Ultraviolet images) Extreme events (solar flares) can significantly influence Earths magnetic field structure
15、and cause northern lights (aurora borealis). 空间天气(Space Weather) Solar Aurora Sound waves produced by a solar flare 5 minutes Coronal mass ejections 冕洞(Coronal Holes) X-ray images of the sun reveal coronal holes. These arise at the foot points of open field lines and are the origin of the solar wind
16、. 能量产生(Energy Production) Energy generation in the sun (and all other stars): Nuclear Fusion = fusing together 2 or more lighter nuclei to produce heavier ones. Nuclear fusion can produce energy up to the production of iron; For elements heavier than iron, energy is gained by nuclear fission. Bindin
17、g energy due to strong force = on short range, strongest of the 4 known forces: electromagnetic, weak, strong, gravitational 太阳内部能力产生:质子质子链 (The Proton-Proton Chain) Basic reaction: 4 1H 4He + energy 4 protons have 0.048*10- 27 kg (= 0.7 %) more mass than 4He. Energy gain = Dm*c2 = 0.43*10-11 J per
18、reaction. Need large proton speed ( high temperature) to overcome Coulomb barrier (electromagnetic repulsion between protons). Sun needs 1038 reactions, transforming 5 million tons of mass into energy every second, to resist its own gravity. T 107 0K = 10 million 0K 太阳中微子问题 The Solar Neutrino Proble
19、m The solar interior can not be observed directly because it is highly opaque to radiation. But neutrinos can penetrate huge amounts of material without being absorbed. Davis solar neutrino experiment Early solar neutrino experiments detected a much lower flux of neutrinos than expected ( the “solar
20、 neutrino problem”). Recent results have proven that neutrinos change (“oscillate”) between different types (“flavors”), thus solving the solar neutrino problem. 1.1.2 太阳系行星 行星大小 Assume, we reduce all bodies in the solar system so that the Earth has diameter 0.3 mm. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars: size
21、 of a grain of salt. Sun: size of a small plum. Jupiter: size of an apple seed. Saturn: slightly smaller than Jupiters “apple seed”. Pluto: Speck of pepper. 八大行星参数 行行 星星 到太到太 阳阳 距离距离 (天(天 文文 单位单位 ) 公转公转 周期周期 (天)(天) 轨道轨道 偏心率偏心率 质量质量 (千克)(千克) 赤道赤道 半径半径 (103 千米)千米) 平均平均 密度密度 (103千千 克克/米米3) 表面表面 重力重力 加速
22、度加速度 (米(米/秒秒2) 逃逸逃逸 速度速度 (米(米/秒)秒) 已知已知 卫星数卫星数 (个)(个) 水星0.38787.970.2063.310232.445.433.634.30 金星0.723324.70.0074.8710246.075.258.6010.30 地球1.000365.2560.0175.97610246.3785.529.8211.21 火星1.524686.980.0936.4210233.3953.963.765.02 木星5.2054 332.60.0481.989102771.41.3325.9259.518 土星9.57610 7590.0555.684
23、102660.00.7011.2935.623 天王星19.2830 6850.0518.686102525.91.2411.4921.415 海王星30.1360 1890.0061.029102624.751.6611.5923.66 冥王星39.8790 4650.2561.3110221.102.340.721.261 行星轨道 Pluto Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury All planets in almost circular (elliptical) orbits around the sun, in approx.
24、 the same plane (ecliptic). Sense of revolution: counter-clockwise Sense of rotation: counter-clockwise (with exception of Venus, Uranus, and Pluto) Orbits generally inclined by no more than 3.4o Exceptions: Mercury (7o) Pluto (17.2o) (Distances and times reproduced to scale) 行星分类(Two Kinds of Plane
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