（2021新人教版）高中英语必修第三册专题课-阅读之主旨大意题、词义猜测题学案.docx

1、阅读全面突破之主旨大意题、词义猜测题阅读全面突破之主旨大意题、词义猜测题 阅读全面突破之主旨大意题阅读全面突破之主旨大意题 主旨大意题考査学生把握全文主旨大意和中心思想的能力。 做这类试题需要考生具有总 体把探文章的能力，以及善于运用判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的能力。主旨大意题一般对 文章的主要内容、中心思想、段落大意、标题、写作意图等方面进行考査。 从考查形势上看， 从原来简单的主旨归纳变得综合性越来越强。 同时文章的行文跳跃性 较强，次序变化大，隐含信息增多。因此，主旨题的答案判断的干扰性越来越强，不能直接 根据主题句来判断答案。未来对主旨大意题的考查数量和设题要求不会改变。 考法透析考法

2、透析 主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时， 考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达了文 章的中心思想，而其他句子均围绕主题句展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末 句或全文末句等地方，但有时也位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)。主旨大意 题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。常见的设问方式有： The general/main idea of the passage is about _. Which of the following best states the theme of

3、 the passage? In this passage the author discusses primarily _. The passage is mostly about _. The passage is mainly concerned about _. The topic/subject discussed in this passage is _. The best title/headline for this passage is _. The subject discussed in this text is _. The authors main purpose i

4、n writing the passage is to _. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? The purpose of this article is _. The main idea/key point of this passage is that _. 考点考点 1归纳段落大意归纳段落大意 段落大意是指一篇文章各个段落的主要意思， 是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和初步的 概括。概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基础上进行，做到围绕中心，注意 连贯，同时

5、，还要注意段落大意是否与全篇相称。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表 达。如： I am not special, just single-minded. It always struck me that when youre looking at a big challenge from the outside it looks huge, but when youre in the midst of it, it just seems normal. Everything you want wont arrive in your life on one day. Its a proces

6、s. Remember: little steps add up to big dreams. What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph? A. Failure is the mother of success. B. Little by little, one goes far. C. Every coin has two sides. D. Well begun, half done. 【解析【解析】 主旨大意题归纳段落大意。 本段最后一句话 Remember: little steps add up

7、 to big dreams.体现了作者对于实现梦想的看法。这句话与选项 B 含义一致，都是告诉我们： 不积跬步，无以至千里。 考点考点 2概括文章主旨概括文章主旨 文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的， 而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现， 所以段落的主题 句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。 因此， 识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中 心思想是解答该类题的关键。 快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句， 把各个段落的主题句联系起来并着眼全文结构安 排，就能概括出文章的中心。如： Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are cl

8、ear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving（铺砌） a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It c

9、omes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater. Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages （短缺） . Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts （ 干 早 ） than areas with more rainfall, but in any

10、case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs. Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1. 5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live, but theres

11、 a lot we can do to lower the number. You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher （洗碗机） only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our

12、 water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away. The text is mainly about _. A. why paving roads reduces our water B. how human activity affects our water supply C. why droughts occur more in dry climates D. how much we depend on water to live 【解析【解析】 主旨大意题一概括文章主旨。 这篇短文主要描述了

13、人类活动对于水供应的隐形 影响。how human activity affects our water supply“人类活动如何影响我们的水供应”是本文 的主皆。故选 B 项。 考点考点 3概括文章标题概括文章标题 In 2012. the Tower of London welcomed two new inhabitants: a pair of ravens （乌鸦） named Jubilee and Grip. Their arrival celebrated the bicentenary （二百周年） of Charles Dickenss birth. This Grip

14、was the third of the Tower ravens to be named after the novelists own pet bird. One of his predecessors（前辈）was resident during World War II; he and his mate Mabel were the only ravens to survive a bombing attack on the Tower. Dickenss Grip, who had an impressive vocabulary, appears as a character in

15、 the authors fifth novel, Barnaby Rudge. On January 28, 1841, Dickens wrote to his friend George Cattermole: “my notion is to have Barnaby always in company with a pet raven, who is immeasurably more knowing than himself. To this end I have been studying my bird, and think I could make a very distin

16、ctive character of him.” Unfortunately, just a few weeks after Dickens wrote that letter, Grip died, probably as a result of having stolen and eaten paint some months earlier. The bird had developed a strange habit tearing sections off painted surfaces (including the familys carriage) and even drink

17、ing a quantity of white paint out of a tin. Dickens mourned his loss and wrote a humorous letter to his friend, the illustrator Daniel Maclise, about the ravens death. He related how, when Grip began to show signs of sickness, the vet was called and “administered a powerful dose of castor（蓖麻）oil”. I

18、nitially this seemed to have a positive effect and the author was thrilled to see Grip restored to his usual personality when he bit the coachman (who was used to the raven and took it in good humor). The following morning, Grip was able to eat “some warm porridge”, but his recovery was short-lived.

19、 As Dickens wrote to Maclise, “On the clock striking twelve he appeared slightly upset, but soon recovered, walking twice or thrice along the coachhouse, stopped to bark, exclaimed Hello old girl (his favorite expression) and died. He behaved throughout with a decent manner, which cannot be too much

20、 admiredThe children seem rather glad of it. He bit their ankles. But that was play.” Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A.Abird in a novel B. The writers bird C. The death of a bird D. Dickens and his bird 【解析】【解析】主旨大意题概括文章标题。根文章的内容和第一段的句子“In 2012. the Tower of London welc

21、omed two new inhabitants: a pair of ravens named Jubilee and Grip. Their arrival celebrated the bicentenary of Charles Dickenss birth.”可知， 文章介绍伦敦塔迎来两只乌 鸦庆祝狄更斯的出生， 然后介绍狄更斯的宠物乌鸦的独特之处和它是怎么死的。 所以用 The writers bird 作为标题比较合适。故选 B 项。虽然文中介绍了狄更斯写的小说里的一只鸟， 但这不是文章的主要内容，所以 A 项错误。虽然文中介绍了 Grip 是如何死亡的，但这不是 文章的主要内容

22、，所以 C 项错课。文章主要侧重于介绍狄更斯的鸟，对他本人没有过多描 写，所 D 项错误。 方法方法攻略攻略 1. 仔细审题，看好范围仔细审题，看好范围 搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的主旨要义。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不 含过于肯定或绝对的词语。 2. 使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍 在阅读中， 应尽量利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置， 比如在 for example，first，second 等之前的句子中或在 all in all，above all 之后的句子中寻找并确定。 3. 重视全文或所问段落的首句和尾句重视全文或所问段落的首句和尾句

23、段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨； 首段出现疑问句时， 对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨； 同时还要注意那些提出文章主旨时 常伴有的单词或短语提示：therefore，thus，but，however，in short 等。 4. 进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义 对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清问题的意思然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终确定答 案。 5. 确认选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题确认选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题 要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的标题，防止本末倒置、主次不分，避免以点代面、以 偏概全，这样才能排除干扰，选

24、出正确的答案。 6. 从选项入手从选项入手 考生在提炼主旨或归纳标题时，可以先从选项入手，找出其中的关键词，然后再进一步 思考是否能概括段意或是文意，一定不能只看到主题词就着急选择，要看其侧重点。 7. 错误类型错误类型 标题的选择要在阅读原文的基础上， 仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联 系， 对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何， 避免以下三种错误： 概括不够 （多表现为部分代替整体） ； 过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围） ；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。 （高考真题） Some people will do just about anything to save money. And

25、I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation for example. It was my six-year-old sons winter break from school, and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and le

26、ave the next day. I had a meeting in New York, so I had to get back. But that didnt mean my husband and my son couldnt stay. So I took off for home. The next day my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight. Yes, I encourageokay, orderedthem to wait it out at the airport

27、, to “earn” more Delta Dollars. Our total take: $1,600. Not bad, huh? Now some people may think Im a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up. Ive made living

28、looking for the best deals and exposing the worst tricks. I have been the consumer reporter of NBCs Today show for over a decade. I have written a lot of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade: A Consumer Survival Guide. And I really do what I believe in. I tell you this because there is no

29、shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted （小气的）when it comes to shoes, clothes for my children, and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its longer, and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furnitur

30、e. Quality lasts. 1. Why did Delta give the authors family credits? A. Their flight had been delayed. B. They had early bookings. C. They took a later flight. D. Their flight had been cancelled. 2. What can we learn about the author? A. She is very strict with her children. B. She seldom makes a com

31、promise. C. She is interested in cheap products. D. She rarely misses a good deal. 3. What does the author do? A. Shes a teacher. B. Shes a housewife. C. Shes a media person. D. Shes a businesswoman. 4. What does the author want to tell us? A. How to expose bad tricks. B. How to reserve airline seat

32、s. C. How to spend money wisely. D. How to make a business deal. 【语篇解读】 本文通过叙述作者和家人乘坐晚点航班而获得补偿的故事阐明了作者对于花钱 购物的认识。在作者看来，我们在花钱的时候要精打细算，做到花钱有所值，不能一味地追 求享受而浪费钱财。 1. C解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的 The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave t

33、he next day.可知，作者的航 班被超额预订，航空公司让他们坐第二天的航班，同时给予补偿。A 项错误：他们原先预订 的航班照常离开，只是他们因坐不下而改乘另一航班；B 项表示他们提前预订了航班，但不 是他们获得补偿的原因；D 项中 cancelled 表示航班被取消了，与事实不符。 2. D解析：推理判断题。从第三段中的“But as a big time bargain hunterfew of us can afford to pass up.”可知作者很少会错过好交易，D 项正确；B 项中的 seldom 与原文不符； C 项中说她对廉价货感兴趣， 本文主要表明作者希望花钱花得值

34、， 而不一定就是喜欢便宜货， 同时本文的最后一句话也对这个选项提供了相反的信息。 3. C解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的 I have been the consumer reporter of NBCs Today show for over a decade.可知， 作者是 NBC 的一个记者， 是从事媒体行业的， 所以选 C。 A 项“她是一个老师”，B 项“她是一个家庭主妇”，D 项“她是一个女商人”，这些与原 文信息都不一致。 4. C解析：主旨大意题。本文主要通过记叙作者和家人有一次度假旅游后由于航空公司 超额售票而导致他们不得不放弃原来的航班而接受补偿的故事， 引出了自己在

35、花钱购物方面 的认识。她认为我们花钱应该有所值，花钱的时候要考虑所购买东西的价值，所以选 C。A 项表示“怎样揭露诡计”，原文没有信息支持；B 项表示“怎样预留航班座位”；D 项表示 “怎样达成一个商业交易”，与本文的主要信息不一致。 阅读全面突破之词义猜测题阅读全面突破之词义猜测题 词义猜测题是通过词汇、词义、句子与具体语境相结合来考查学生对语境、句意的准确 理解能力。 词猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断， 也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推 断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。高考对 词义猜测题的考查相对比较稳定，一般为 12 个，但近几年难度略有增加

36、，需要在复杂的 句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。 考法透析考法透析 猜词是应用英语语言的重要能力， 也是高考中常考查的题型。 它不但需要准确无误地理 解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生要通过构词、语法、 定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索来猜测词语的含义。 这类试题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测以及对 it/they/them 等代词的指代对 象的判断等。常见的设问方式有： The word “” refers to/means _. The underlined word “” can be replaced by _. What do you

37、 think the expression “” stands for? Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “” ? The word “it/them” in the first paragraph refers to _. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _. Which of the following words can take the place of the word “” ? 考点考点 1 考查生词生义的推测考查生词生义

38、的推测 Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I h

39、ad an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect （感染）other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.” What does the un

40、derlined word “downside” probably mean? A. Mistake.B. Drawback.C. Difficulty.D. Burden. 【解析【解析】词义猜测题。前文提到作者很喜爱这个学生，说这个学生的创造性能够感染其 他学生，下文说“冒着失去那些有不同的思考风格的学生的风险”，根据语境前后的对比判 断， downside 的含义应该是 drawback “不利条件， 缺点” ， 而不是 mistake “错误” ， difficulty “困难”，burden“负担”。故选 B 项。 考点考点 2考查熟词生义的推测考查熟词生义的推测 熟词生义是指以前学

41、习过的单词， 它们的某些词义考生已掌握， 但在高考中又出现了新 的词义，如 book(预订)， charge(指控)， across(在对面)，capital(资金)等，因而影响考生对 题干乃至全文的正确理解，导致高考失分。如： When I was 12, all I wanted was a signet （图章）ring. They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday, my mom gave me a signet ring with my initial

42、s（姓名首字母）carved into it. I was in heaven. The underlined word “in” in the first paragraph probably means _. A. fashionableB. availableC. practicalD. renewable 【解析】【解析】词义猜测题。根据下文 it seemed every girl except me had one（除了我之外， 似乎每个女孩子都拥有一枚）可推断出，图章戒指在当时是非常时髦的(fashionable)东西。 故选 A 项。 考点考点 3考查考查 that/it/th

43、ey/them 等代词的指代对象等代词的指代对象 一般来说，that，it，they，them 等代词可以指上文提到的人或物，其中 that 和 it 还可 以指代一件事，有时指代的对象相隔较远，考生要认真查找，有时还需要对前面提到的内容 进行总结才能得出代词所指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和本句的意思 是解题的关键。如： Sparrow failed to grow for another two years, until a new CEO, Carl Pearson, decided to build up its market share. He did a surv

44、ey, which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain, while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them. Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign. What does the underlined word “them” refer to? A. Customer

45、s of Sparrow restaurants. B. Sparrow restaurants. C. Customers of other fast-food chains. D. Other fast-food chains. 【解析【解析】 词义猜测题。 根据画线词所在句子 He did a survey, which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain, while customers of other fast-food

46、chains were unwilling to turn away from them.可知， 其他连锁店的顾客不愿离开 他们的连锁店。此处，turn away from 表示“从处走开”，所以 from 之后应该是主语的 原始位置，故选 D 项。 考点考点 4考查具有隐含意义的句子考查具有隐含意义的句子 The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars （杨树）putting out

47、 the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local stream as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake. What does the underlined sentence mean? A. The change o

48、f seasons is easily felt. B. The seasons make the scenes change. C. The weather often changes in the forest. D. The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons. 【解析【解析】句义猜测题。本句话的意思是：季节的变化就在门外。后面具体描写大自然是 如何随着季节变化的，因此可知作者一家贴近大自然，季节的变化是很容易被感觉到的。故 选 A 项。 方法方法攻略攻略 1. 通过定义猜测词义通过定义猜测词义 如果生词后有一个句子 （定语

49、从句或同位语从句） 或段落来对其下定义， 或使用破折号、 冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可 以推断词义。 定义常用的谓语有 be， mean，be considered， to be， be called，define，represent， refer to，signify 等。如： Do you know what “territory” is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims（声称）as its own. 由定义可知，这里 territory 指的

50、是“动物的地盘”。 2. 通过同位关系来猜测词义通过同位关系来猜测词义 构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、括号 或同位语。 常用的信息词有 or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，or other， say 等。如： In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered cat exist in the USA today. 由同 位语 an endangered cat 可以猜出 ocelots 是“一种濒临灭绝的猫”。 3. 通过转折或对比关系来猜测词义通