（2021新牛津译林版）高中英语选择性必修一Unit4 Grammar and usage.pptx

1、 Overview of to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed forms 1. Identify and categorize the use of to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed forms; 2. Summarize general rules of to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed forms; 3. Use the right forms of to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed forms to finish tasks suc

2、h as rewriting sentences, completing an article and writing on the importance of reading poem. 1. What are the main types of non-finite verbs? 2. What can to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed forms be used as in a sentence? To-infinitives, verb-ing forms and verb-ed forms. They can be used as subjec

3、t, predicative, object, attributive, adverbial and object complement. Read the introduction on Page 48 and fill the table. Romanticism Definition It was a (1) _ from the late 18th to the mod-19th century, evolving (2) _ _ and poets. Aim To (3) _ of the 18th century To put emphasis on the importance

4、of imagination and feeling, (4) _ and a return to the past Representatives of English poets (5) _ _ Common theme in Romantic poetry Celebrating the beauty of (6) _ Significance The poetry of the Romantic era is one of (7) _. cultural movement painters, musicians, novelists break with the ideals the

5、love of nature William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley nature and country life the greatest treasures in Western literature Go through the introduction and find the sentences that used to-infinitives, verb-ing or verb-ed forms and fill in the table. One

6、 has been done for you. Subjects Predicative The aim of the Romantics was to break with Objects Complements Attributives Adverbials , celebrating the beauty of nature and country life became a common theme in Romantic poetry. Romantic poets were often not pleased with they were not always interested

7、 in they refused to follow rigid rules; Instead, they advocated going back to nature. people were made to work long hours. a process called industrialization. Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature, Working out the rules The to-infinitive often refers to an action that will

8、happen in the future; the verb-ing form, a continuing action; and the verb-ed form, a past action. Generally speaking, the verb-ing form expresses a(n) (1) _ (active/passive) meaning, while the verb-ed form expresses a(n) (2) _ (active/passive) meaning. active passive The to-infinitive can be used a

9、s the (3) _ of a sentence. The verb-ing form can be used as the (4) _ of a sentence. The verb-ed form can be used as the (5) _ of a sentence. *You can choose more than one answer for each blank. a. subject b. predicative c. object d. complement e. attributive f. adverbial a, b, c, d, e, f a, b, c, d

10、, e, f b, d, e, f 非谓语动词通常指非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词形式和动词-ed形式形式， 在句中可用作在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。 非谓语动词在句中不可单独用作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的非谓语动词在句中不可单独用作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的 限制。限制。 非谓语动词非谓语动词 形式形式功能功能 主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语补语补语 动词不动词不 定式定式 动词动词-ing 形式形式 动词动词-ed 形式形式 Both to-infinitive and verb-ing f

11、orms can be used as subjects in a sentence. When to-infinitive is the subject, it is often replaced by the formal subject it, and to- infinitive is placed at the end of the sentence. 动词不定式和动词动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中用作主语。不定形式都可以在句中用作主语。不定 式作主语时常常用形式主语式作主语时常常用形式主语it代替，不定式置于句末。代替，不定式置于句末。 eg Collecting sta

12、mps is my hobby. It is my hobby to collect stamps. 非谓语作主语非谓语作主语动词不定式与动词动词不定式与动词-ing形式形式 Verb-ing form is sometimes replaced by the formal subject it, and verb-ing form is placed at the end of the sentence. 动词动词-ing形式有时也用形式主语形式有时也用形式主语it代替，动词代替，动词-ing形式置形式置 于句末。于句末。 eg It is no good pretending to kno

13、w what you do not know. It is no use complaining. eg Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火是危险的。玩火是危险的。(泛指玩火泛指玩火) To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火将很危险。玩火将很危险。(指某一具体动作指某一具体动作) 动词动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的或抽象的习惯性的行为；形式作主语表示一般的或抽象的习惯性的行为； 不定式作主语往往表示具体的、一次性的或特指的动作。不定式作主语往往表示具体的、一次性的或特指的动作。 非谓语作定语非谓语作定语 动词不定式、动

14、词动词不定式、动词-ing形式形式 在在afford, agree, arrange, choose, claim, desire, expect, fail, hope, intend, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 等动词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。等动词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。 eg Mike offered to help me. Tom promised to go with me. 在在advise, admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, practice, suggest等动词以及等

15、动词以及burst out, give up, insist on, keep on, put off等短语后，常接动词等短语后，常接动词-ing形式作宾语。形式作宾语。 eg I considered going to se him in person. Everyone burst out laughing. 在在like, love, begin, start等动词后，既可以接动词不定等动词后，既可以接动词不定 式作宾语，也可以接动词式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但两者区别形式作宾语，但两者区别 不大，常可以交换使用。不大，常可以交换使用。 eg I like singing

16、. = I like to sing. It started raining. = It started to rain. 在在remember, forget, regret, try, mean等动词后，既可等动词后，既可 以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，形式作宾语， 但两者意义不同。但两者意义不同。 to do sth. 记得去做某事记得去做某事 doing sth. 记得做过某事记得做过某事 remember forgetto do sth. 忘记去做某事忘记去做某事 doing sth. 忘记做过某事忘记做过某事 regret

17、to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾对即将做的事表示遗憾 doing sth. 对做过的事表示后悔对做过的事表示后悔 try to do sth. 设法做某事设法做某事 doing sth. 试着做某事试着做某事 mean to do sth. 打算打算(想要想要)做某事做某事 doing sth. 意味着意味着(要要)做某事做某事 stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去做另一事停下正在做的事去做另一事 doing sth. 停止做某事停止做某事 eg I remember seeing him before. 我记得曾经见过他。我记得曾经见过他。 Remember to te

18、ll him about it. 记得把这件事告诉他。记得把这件事告诉他。 I now regret telling the lie. 我现在后悔说谎了。我现在后悔说谎了。 I regret to tell you the bad news. 我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。 介词后一般只接动词介词后一般只接动词-ing形式作宾语。形式作宾语。 eg How about coming with us? 非谓语作表语非谓语作表语 动词不定式、动词动词不定式、动词-ing形式形式 与动词与动词-ed形式形式 动词不定式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式可以在句中

19、用作表语，说明主语所指的内容， 动词不定式可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的动词不定式可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的 情况下情况下to可以省略。可以省略。 eg My purpose is to help them. My hope is for all members to come together. All I did was (to) give him a little push. 动词动词-ing形式和动词形式和动词-ed形式可以在句中用作表语，说明形式可以在句中用作表语，说明 主语的特征或者状态，动词主语的特征或者状态，动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所形式还可以表示主语

20、所 指的内容。指的内容。 eg The book was so interesting that he almost forgot the time. He is very concerned with the matter. This is asking for trouble. 非谓语作定语非谓语作定语 动词不定式、动词动词不定式、动词-ing形式形式 与动词与动词-ed形式形式 When used as attributive, to-infinitives often express what will happen, verb-ing forms often express what

21、 is happening, and verb-ed forms often express what has happened or express a passive meaning. 动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词-ing形式形式 作定语表示正在发生的事，动词作定语表示正在发生的事，动词-ed形式常表示已经发生形式常表示已经发生 的事或表示被动意义。的事或表示被动意义。 eg I have a meeting to attend tomorrow. The boy standing there is my friend. Jack cle

22、ared the fallen leaves on the ground. Many students like to read novels written in English. 动词不定式和动词动词不定式和动词-ing形式作定语时可以有被动形式。形式作定语时可以有被动形式。 eg The building to be built in the square will be a new library. Do you see the house being built over there? When used as adverbial, to-infinitives can expres

23、s purpose or result, verb-ing and verb-ed forms can express time, cause, etc. 非谓语作状语非谓语作状语 动词不定式、动词动词不定式、动词-ing形式形式 与动词与动词-ed形式形式 动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者结果，动词动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者结果，动词-ing 形式和动词形式和动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随 等意义。等意义。 eg Susan came to see me. She lived to be one hundred. I sat there

24、waiting for him. Compared with you, we should work harder than before. Deeply moved, I decided to follow his example. 动词动词-ing形式具有主动意义，动词形式具有主动意义，动词-ed形式具有被动意义。形式具有被动意义。 eg She was in the kitchen preparing dinner. Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 动词动词-ing形式作状语可用完成式。形式作状语可用完成式。 eg H

25、aving finished their work, they had a good rest. 非谓语作补语非谓语作补语 动词不定式、动词动词不定式、动词-ing形式形式 与动词与动词-ed形式形式 在在expect, forbid, force, order, permit, request, warn 等动词后，常接等动词后，常接“名词名词/代词代词+动词不定式动词不定式”结构，动词结构，动词 不定式作补语。不定式作补语。 eg We can always expect him to help us. He warned us to be careful. When used with

26、see, hear, notice watch and feel as object complement, bare-infinitives can express the whole process of an action, verb-ing forms can express what is happening. 在在see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后，可以接不带等动词后，可以接不带to 的动词不定式作补语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词的动词不定式作补语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词 也可以接动词也可以接动词-ing形式作补语，表示动作正在进行。形式作

27、补语，表示动作正在进行。 e.g. I saw him cross the street and enter the shop. 我看见他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。我看见他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。 I saw him crossing the street. 我看见他正在过马路。我看见他正在过马路。 eg How would you like your hair cut? We must get the work finished by 10 oclock. When used as object complement, verb-ed forms often express a passi

28、ve meaning. 动词动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动意义。形式作补语常表示被动意义。 Rewrite the following sentences using to-infinitive, verb- ing or verb-ed forms. 1. Romantic poets experimented with new poetic forms. They were particularly interested in it. Romantic poets were particularly _. interested in experimenting with new poeti

29、c forms 2. Romantic poets often mentioned the effect of beauty on the poets imagination when they described natural scenes. Romantic poets often mentioned the effect of beauty on the poets imagination when _. 3. Poems that focus on nature often stress the moment of inspiration. Poems _ often stress

30、the moment of inspiration. describing natural scenes focusing on nature 4. Many Romantic poems are filled with descriptions of magic and ancient themes, and contain rich sensory details. _, many Romantic poems contain rich sensory details. 5. Since Romantic poets were highly colourful and independen

31、t individuals, finding concerns common to all of them is sometimes difficult. Since Romantic poets were all highly colourful and independent individuals, it is sometimes difficult _ _. Filled with descriptions of magic and ancient themes to all of them to find concerns common Born in 1770, William W

32、ordsworth was one of the (1) _ (lead) poets of the Romantic movement in England. (2) _ (grow) up in the beautiful Lake District, Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet. (3) _ (educate) at Cambridge, Wordsworth received his degree in 1791. He spent a lot of time (4) _ (tour

33、) in Europe. leading Growing Educated touring Below is an article about the English poet William Wordsworth. Complete the article with the correct to- infinitive, verb-ing or verb-ed forms of the verbs in the brackets. Travelling obviously provided Wordsworth with plenty of ideas for his poems. In 1

34、795, he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two talented young men became close friends. (5) _ (meet) Coleridge had a huge impact on Wordsworth. Lyrical Ballads, a collection of poems (6) _ (write) together with Coleridge, was Wordsworths first great work. It was published in 1798 and marked the sta

35、rt of the Romantic era in poetry. Wordsworth explained that they wanted to write poetry that ordinary people could use (7) _ (express) their feelings. Meeting written to express Many of the poems in the collection were about returning to nature. Like other Romantics, Wordsworth preferred (8) _ (live

36、) in the country rather than in the city. living/to live William Wordsworth: a (1) _ of the Romantic movement in England 1770 He was born in England. 1791 (2) _ 1795 (3) _ _ 1798 (4) _ _ _ leading poet He received his degree from Cambridge. He met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two became close fri

37、ends. Lyrical Ballads, a collection of poems was published, which was Wordsworths first great work and marked the start of the Romantic era in poetry. Write about the importance of reading poems. Think of at least one reason and give supporting details, using to- infinitives verb-ing or verb-ed form

38、s. Use the example below to help you. Reading poems helps me understand the beauty of language. There are a lot of poetic devices employed in poems, such as rhyme and metaphor. When reading these beautifully written lines, I can enjoy the beauty of the language. Reading poems helps develop deep insi

39、ght into what the poet wants to express. Every poem is unique to its poet and its message might first need to be discovered before it can be understood. A poem also represents what the poet was experiencing at that time, such as passion or sorrow. When I read a poem, I want to discover and understan

40、d the poets message. So I often think about what the poet was going through at that time. Understanding the poets thoughts and feelings opens up a whole new world for me and keeps me from getting bored. 1. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 _ (find) and study areas of t

41、he South Pole- Aitken basin. (2020年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷I) 2. The next morning he hired a boat and set out _ (find) the well-known painter. And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds _ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. (2020年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷III) to find to find sur

42、rounding 4. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟模拟) and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or _ (walk) through a rainforest. (2020年全国新高考年全国新高考I卷卷) 5. Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology _ (change)

43、lives. Later, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and in dry areas, _ (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉灌溉) their fields. (2020浙江卷浙江卷) walking to change making 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文。用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文。 One of the workers in Africas largest wildlife preserve says the

44、 last time an elephant in the Niassa Reserve was recorded 1. _ (kill) by a poacher (偷猎者偷猎者) was on May 17, 2018. “The drastic decline in poached elephants is owed to a new rapid-intervention police force,” said Joe Walston, a local official. “Any one of those things alone isnt going to be successful

45、, which is why it has taken so long to be able 2. _ (get) us to a point where weve been able to get poaching under control,” Walston told CNN. killed to get 3. _ (situate) in a remote region of northern Mozambique, the Niassa Reserve has seen thousands of animals killed in recent years. The rapid-in

46、tervention police force is better 4. _ (arm) than the reserves normal rangers and has rights 5. _ (arrest) suspected poachers. Walston said that the ability 6. _ (make) arrests is important to prevent poachers from 7. _ (come) to the reserve. Situated armed to arrest to make coming Finish Part C on Page 76.