（2021新教材）牛津译林版必修第三册英语Unit 1 Nature in the balance 单元知识点详解讲义.docx

1、1 B3U1 学案 1. harm n.回报 in return for. . 作为.的交换;作为.的报答 by turns 轮流;时而.时而. 即学活用： (1)语法填空 He wanted to do something in return _for_the kindness that she offered him. _In_return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. People lined up and entered the hall_in_ turn. (2)In addition, more traffic j

2、ams and more accidents arise from it, which _in turn_disturbs people s normal life. 除此之外,它引起了更多的交通阻塞和事故，这反过来妨碍了人们的正常生活。 7. break down 使分解(为)；使变化(成) * When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth. 当一只美洲虎死亡时， 一小队微生物帮助它分解它的身体并将营养物质送回土

3、地。 * If Tim carries on working like this, hell break down sooner or later. 如果蒂姆继续这样工作，身休迟早会垮掉。 * Sorry, Im late. My car broke down on the halfway. 对不起，我迟到了。我的车在中途抛锚了。 * Its shocking that the peace talks between the two countries broke down. 令人震惊的是两个国家的和谈破裂了。 词块积累： break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成)； (机器或车辆)出毛

4、病，损坏； (讨论、关系或系统)失败，破裂，失灵； 5 感情失控(痛哭起来). break into 强行闯入；突然.起来 break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；发生 break in 破门而入;打断(谈话等) break away from 脱离；逃离 即学活用： 用适当的介、副词填空。 (1 ) The two countries are going to meet to break _down_some barriers to trade between them. (2) We had our house broken_into_ last night. (3) Fire brok

5、e _out_ during the night. (4 ) I was encouraged to break away _from_old forms and rules. (5) Dad would occasionally break _in_with a suggestion. 8. due to 由于，因为 * Over the past 50 years, 17 percent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的

6、 50 年里，17%的雨林因农业和养牛等人类活动而消失。 * It is often reported that we are suffering more and more disasters due to the damaged environment. 经常有报道说，由于环境的破坏，我们正遭受越来越多的灾难。 * (2019 全国卷 I ) The match is due to be organized this Saturday afternoon in the citys stadium, whose aim is to help us communicate with our f

7、riend schools and improve our friendship. 这场比赛将于本周六下午在市体育场举行，目的是帮助我们与友谊学校沟涵,增 进友谊。 * The bands first album is due for release later this month. 这个乐队的第一张唱片预计在本月月底发行。 词块积累： be due to do sth. 预计/预期做某事 be due for. . 预计. . 名师点津： due to由于，因为”，常作表语，也可作状语,但一般不能放于句首。表示“由于， 因为”的其他常见短语: thanks to;because of;ow

8、ing to。 即学活用： (1)语法填空。 She is due_to complete_ ( complete) her study and graduate later this year. The accident was due to _driving_ ( drive) at high speed. (2) The companys losses were _due to_ poor management. 公司的损失是因为管理不善。 (3) After only six months he was due _for_ a raise if this assessment was

9、satisfactory. 如果这份评价令人满意，预计仅 6 个月后他就会被提升。 6 9. impact n. 影响,作用；撞击,冲撞 vi. 创建, 开发; 积累 *The company has built up a large fund for ages. 多年来这家公司已积累了大量资金。 *The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas. 油画的秘诀在于在画布上逐层作画。 *Why did you bring up the subject of money? 你为什么非要提钱这个话题? *It

10、took her a few hours to make up for the performance. 她花了好几个小时的时间为演出化妆。 词块积累： bring up 抚养; 养育; 培养; 提出; 呕吐 come up 升起; 长出来; 上来; 被提出 give up 放弃; 戒掉 make up 编造; 弥补; 化妆 take up 占据; 开始从事 即学活用： (1)He does morning exercise every day so as to build up his body. 他每天晨练, 为的是增强体质。 (2)He made up an excuse for his

11、 failure once again. 他为自己的又一次失败编了一个借口。 (3)His grandmother and his father brought him up . 是他的祖母和父亲把他养大的。 (4)Ive been trying to give up smoking for two years now. 到现在, 我设法戒烟已快两年了。 12. come up with 想出，想到 * AII of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems. 他们都对如何解决这些问题提出了创造性的想法。 *

12、 (2019.全国卷 I )Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. 乔治亚理工大学的研究人员说， 他们已经想出了一种解决这个问题的低成本设备: 智能键盘。 * Some new issues came up at the conference. 在会上，一些新问题被提出来了。 * The truth is beginning to come out about what happ

13、ened. 关于所发生的事，真相开始逐渐浮出水面。 词块积累： come up with 想出，想到 come across 偶遇；偶然发现 come up 发生; 出席；提到，提及 come out 出来；出现；出版；发表 come to 苏醒；清醒；突然想起 8 come through 到达；接通；穿过 名师点津：不一样的“提出” come up with“提出，想出”，其主语是 sb. ；come up“被提出”，其主语是 sth.， 如问题、观点、建议等。 即学活用： 用适当的介、副词填空。 (1)Is that the best excuse you can come up _wi

14、th_? (2) The name Lin Shuhao comes _up_a lot on TV. (3) Bats sleep in the daytime and come _out_to hunt for food at night. (4)In a few moments she suddenly came _to_. 13. call for (公开)要求；需要 * Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle. 有人呼吁应用现代技术，也有人呼吁改变生活方式

15、。 * The public are calling for an end to air pollution. 公众呼吁结束空气污染。 * When Im in Pittsburgh, I call him up. 每到匹兹堡，我都给他打电话。 * Im going to call on one of my former classmates. 我要去看望我的一位老同学。 词块积累： call for (公开) 要求；需要 call up 打电话给；使想起 call in 召集 call on 拜访(某人)；号召 call out 大声喊，呼唤 call off 取消， 下令停止 即学活用：

16、用适当的介、副词填空。 (1)The game was called _off_ because of the bad weather. (2) The smell of the sea called _up_ memories of her childhood. (3)The situation calls _for_ prompt action. (4)He used his speech to call _on_ the world to help his country. 14. application n.应用，运用，申请 * The invention will have wide

17、 application in industry. 这项发明会在工业中得到广泛应用。 * It was announced that they had received 50 applications for the post. 据宣布，对这个职位，他们已经收到了 500 份申请书了。 * I made an application to the hospital for a job as nurse and to my delight, my application was accepted. 我向这家医院申请了护士的工作，令我感到高兴的是，我的申请被接受了。 * After a short

18、 holiday, he applied himself once more to his studies. 9 经过短暂的假期后，他再次专心于学习。 词块积累： (1)make an application (to.) for. (向.)申请. (2)apply v. 运用；申请；应用 apply to do sth. 申请做某事 apply. to. 将.用在.上 apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人)申请某物 apply oneself to 致力于；专心于 (3) applicant n.申请人 即学活用： (1)语法填空。 Students learned the

19、 practical _application_ (apply)of the theory they had learned in the classroom. His _application_ ( apply) for membership of the organization was rejected. (2)The new technology _had been applied to_farming. 这项新技术已应用于农业。 Faulks has _applied himself to_ this task with considerable energy. 福克斯为这项任务倾注

20、了大量精力。 15. As the human population continues to grow , so does the effect we have on animals.随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。 句式解构 本句使用了“So+ be 动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构构成的倒装结构，表示. 也是如此”,用于肯定句，表示同样肯定的看法或做法。 * Yesterday I went shopping , and so did my best friend. 昨天我去买东西，我最好的朋友也去了。 * My father is a teacher and so

21、is my mother. 我父亲是老师，我母亲也是。 * He didnt finish his homework. Neither/Nor did I. 他没有完成作业。我也没完成。 * John likes fish but he doesnt like meat, and so it is with/it is the same with Mary. 约翰喜欢吃鱼但不喜欢吃肉，玛丽也如此。 名师点津： (1)“Neither/Nor +be 动词/助动词/情态动词十另一主语”用于表示前面提到的否定 情况也适用于另一主语，意为“.也不.”。 (2)“So it is/was with .

22、”和“It is/was the same with.”句式表示前面提到的两种或两 种以上的情况也适用于另一主语。 (3)“so+同一主语+be 动词/情态动词/助动词”意为“.的确如此”，表示对前面的话 加以确认或强调。 *-It was very cold yesterday. -So it was. 昨天很冷。 10 的确如此。 即学活用： (1)He can swim and_so can I_. 他会游泳，我也会。 (2)If you wont go there, _neither will I_. 如果你不去那里，我也不去。 (3) He doesnt like playing j

23、okes, _nor does his brother_. 他不喜欢开玩笑，他哥哥也不喜欢。 16. get rid of 摆脱；丟弃；扔掉 * The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey; its also given me a cough that I cant get rid of. 空气中的烟雾把天空染成了灰蒙蒙的烟灰，还使我无法摆脱地咳嗽。 * (2020天津高考) Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sou

24、nd without upsetting the boy or his parents. 多亏了英国发明的静音机，你可以在不打扰男孩或他的父母的情况下消除声音。 * Further measures will be taken to rid our streets of crime. 进一步的措施将被采取来防止街头犯罪。 * He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret. 他想把秘密说出来，让自己得到解脱。 词块积累： rid.of . 使.摆脱.；使.丟. rid oneself of 摆脱/去掉. get/be rid of 消除

25、掉.，丢掉. 即学活用： (1)Its time we _got rid of_the drawback of the electronic product. 该是我们除去这一电子产品的缺点的时候了。 (2)To _get rid of smoking_, I suggest you eat some sugars and fruit to remove your attention. 为了戒烟，我建议你吃一点糖和水果来转移你的注意力。 (3)Now the air pollution is so serious that we have to make up our minds to _ge

26、t rid of_ this harmful haze. 现在空气污染如此严重，我们得下决心清除这害人的雾霾。 17. protest vi. 反对，抗议 vt. 坚持声称；申辩 n.反对，抗议 * Mr. Smith protested against heavy industry. 史密斯先生抗议重工业。 * Some consumers protested about/ against/at the bad service in the shop. = Some consumers made a protest against the bad service in the shop. 一

27、些消费者对商店服务质量提出了抗议。 *The protests became more violent and many people were panicked into leaving the country. 抗议变得更加激烈，吓得许多人离开了那个国家。 词块积累： 11 (1)protest about/ against/at. =make a protest against .对. 提出抗议 (2)without protest 心甘情愿地 under protest 不情愿地，极不乐意地 即学活用： (1)语法填空。 All local farmers _protested_ (

28、protest ) against building the airport on their farmland then. Many people gathered to protest _against_killing animals for food. (2) The local citizens took to the streets _to protest against the decision_. 市民们走上街头，抗议这项决定。 (3) Ben accepted his punishment _without protest_. 本心甘情愿地接受了惩罚。 18. Weve bee

29、n taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process , even though these measures raise our production costs. 我们一直在采取各种措施，包括使用新技术，以减少生产过程中的污染，尽管这 些措施提高了我们的生成本。 句式解构 句中的 even though 意为“即使,尽管”,用来引导让步状语从句，even though 可用 even if 替换。 * (2019 浙江高考

30、)Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups , they make very different music. 尽管所有的音乐团体都有一种共同的精神，但他们创作的音乐却大不相同。 * But even if/ though an event is organized carefully, things can go wrong. 即使赛事筹划得很细致，事情仍可能出错。 * It sounds as if you have grown apart from Tom. 听起来好像你和汤姆之间产生了隔阂。 易混辨析even

31、 if/ though, as if/ though even if/ though 表示“即使,尽管”，引导让步状语。 as if/ though 表示“似乎，好像”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。 即学活用： (1)语法填空。 Even if it _rains_( rain) tomorrow ，we won t change our plan. (2)选词填空(even if/ though; as if/ though)。 I will not go to her birthday party _even if/even though_I am invited. It seemed _

32、as if/though_ the suit was made to his own measure. (3) My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, _even though he is in his nineties_. 我祖父尽管 90 多岁了，仍时而打网球。 19. consequence n.结果；后果；重要性 12 * (2019 全国卷 I )Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequence

33、s. 尽管这些酷孩子看起来令人羡慕，普林斯坦博士的研究显示了不愉快的后果。 * (2020 全国 I 卷) I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences. 我想知道父母是否应该一直不计后果地讲真话。 *He narrowly lost his life as a consequence of/ in consequence of careless driving. 由于粗心驾驶，他险些丢了性命。 * We have not enough money; consequently we can

34、not afford a new car. 我们的钱不够，因此买不起新车。 词块积累： (1)as a consequence (of)= as a result (of)= in consequence (of) 因此，结果. (2) consequent adj.必然的；当然的 Consequently adv.所以,因此 即学活用: (1)语法填空。 As a consequence _of_ your laziness and rudeness, I am forced 10 dismiss you. All these opinions make sense, and _conseq

35、uently_(consequence) it is hard to choose the best of them. (2)I missed the bus this morning and _as a consequence_ I was late for work. 今天早上我错过了公共汽年，因此上班迟到了。 省略（Ellipsis） 要义详析： 为了避免重复， 或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成 分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。 一、简单句中的省略 1.省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧 义的情况下,特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主

36、要是祈使句中的 you 和疑问句 中的主语。 * (You) Come in, please! 请进! * (I) Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。 2. 省略宾语： 当上、 下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时， 下句或后句常省略宾语。 *-Do you know Miss Gao? -I dont know (her). 你认识高女士吗? 不认识。 3. 省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明 确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略， 只剩下表语宾语、状语或其他成分。 * Who( comes) nex

37、t? 谁下一个来? 13 即学活用： 补全下列省略句。 (1) Have a seat , please! _You have a seat , please!_ (2) Looks like rain. _It looks like rain._ (3) Let s do the dishes. Ill wash and you dry. _ Lets do the dishes. Ill wash and you dry them/the dishes._ (4) Got any idea about the plan? _ Have you got any idea about the

38、plan?_ 二、并列句中的省略 在由 and 或 but 连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。 1.省略共同的主语或宾语。 * Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher. 汤姆在地板上捡起了一本书并把它交给了老师。 2.若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同，则省略后面的系 动词、助动词或情态动词。 * My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. 我的父亲是一名医生，母亲是一名护士。 3.若主语与谓语动词相同,则省略后面的

39、主谓成分。 * His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry. 他的建议使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。 4.若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动词及后续部分。 * He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesnt (have a knowledge of first aid). 他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。 即学活用： 写出下列句中可以省略的部分。 (1)Some of us study Japanese, and others study English

40、. ( others 后的 study ) (2)He gave up drinking several months, but he returned to his old way later. ( he ) (3)My friend didnt come to school, but I wonder why he/ she didnt come to school. ( he/she didnt come to school ) 三、复合句中的省略 1.状语从句的省略。 在 when, will, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once,

41、 whether, unless, whenever 等 连接的状语从句中，当从句主语与生句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词 be 或从句的主语为 it 时，则从句中主语和 be 动词常被省略。 * (2019 北京高考)While (1 Was) Working, I realised how hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun. 工作的时候，我意识到在烈日下的田野里工作是多么辛苦。 14 * You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你应待在

42、你现在的地方不动,除非叫你离开。 * Whenever(it is) possible, they would stop him and ask him the three questions. 只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。 *Do you come up with good ideas? If(it is) so, we would love to hear from you. 你能想出好点子吗?如果有，我们很愿意收到你的来信。 名师点津： (1)省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系；则使用现在分词；若构成被 动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不

43、定式。 (2)在 than, as 等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。 * They dont use more water than (it is) necessary. 他们使用的水没有超出需要量。 * He runs as fast as Bob( runs). 他和鲍勃跑得一样快。 2.定语从句的省略。 (1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的关系代词 whom, which, that 可省略(但 whom, which 紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。 * The exact year ( which/that) Angela and her family spent together

44、in China was 2018. 安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是 2018 年。 (2)修饰 way 的关系词 that/in which 可以省略。 * The way ( in which )/( that) he speaks to us is really annoying. 他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。 3.宾语从句的省略。 及物动词后接宾语从句时,连接词 that 一般可以省略，但如果及物动词接两个或 两个以上 that 引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个 that 可以省略。 *I truly believe (that) beauty comes from wit

45、hin. 我真的相信美丽来自内心。 *He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。 即学活用： (1)把下列句子改为省略句。 If he is chosen, Mr. Brown, who is rich in experience, will turn out to be an excellent manager. _If chosen_，Mr. Brown, who is rich in experience, will turn ou

46、t to be an excellent manager. Fill in a proper preposition where it is necessary. Fill in a proper preposition _ where necessary _. (2)写出下列句中可以省略的部分。 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently. ( that ) She didnt go to school yesterday. I dont know w

47、hy she didnt go to school 15 yesterday. ( she didnt go to school yesterday ) Among the many dangers which sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. ( which ) Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position. ( that ) 四、其他的省略情况 1.动词不定式的省略。 (1)当不定式

48、在形容词 afraid, anxious, eager, glad, happy, ready, willing 等后作状语 时，to 后的内容常省略。 * You cant force him to answer the question if hes not ready to ( answer the question) . 如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。 (2)某些使役动词，如 make, let, have 等和感官动词，如 see, watch, notice, observe, hear 等后面作宾语补足语的不定式须省略 to， 但若这些动词用于被动语态， 则 to 不省略。 * We often hear her