2021版外研版选修四英语Unit3 Sea ExplorationLearning About Language 学案.doc
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1、Unit 3Unit 3 Sea ExplorationSea Exploration Learning About LanguageLearning About Language 语法精讲语法精讲素养提升素养提升 不定式(The infinitive) 观察上面句子观察上面句子, , 并说出画线部分的作用并说出画线部分的作用 不定式作后置定语后置定语。 不定式作目的状语目的状语。 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。这里的 to 是不定式标志, 没有词义。不定式具有 名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能, 又有动词的特点, 可以有自己的宾语和状语, 构成动 词不定式短语。 一、动词不定式的时态与
2、语态一、动词不定式的时态与语态 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作 之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时, 不定式的动作正在进行 完成进 to have been 表示其动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前并且 行时 doing 一直在进行 *I plan to attend the meeting to be to be held tomorrow. 我打算参加明天举行的会议。 (attend 的动作在
3、plan 之后发生, 且 meeting 与 hold 之间为被 动关系) *They are said to beto be studying psychology. 据说他们正在研究心理学。(be said 与 study 同时发生) *Im very sorry to haveto have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep 发生在 be sorry 之前) *No harm seems to haveto have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do 发生在 seem 之前, 且
4、harm 与 do 之间是被动关系) *She is known to have been dealingto have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她处 理这类难题已经有很多年了。 【名师点津】不定式的不定式的“被动被动”与与“否定否定” (1)不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者。 *Its a great honour to be invited to be invited to Marys birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。 (2)不定式的否定式通常是将否定
5、词not或never置于不定式之前, 即构成not to do 或never to do 这样的形式。 *They took a vote and decided not to donot to do it. 他们进行了表决, 决定放弃。 *How many times has your mother told you never to talknever to talk to strangers? 你母亲告诉你多少次了, 绝不能和陌生人谈话? 【即学活用】 语法填空 (1)The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared
6、be prepared(prepare)to adapt to the change. (2)She pretended to be sleepingbe sleeping (sleep)when her mother came in. (3)He is said to have been workinghave been working (work)in this factory for more than twenty years. 二、动词不定式的句法功能二、动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语, 表示比较具体的 意义。 1. 1. 不定式作
7、主语不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语多表示将来特定的某一次动作。 *To blame the worker To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工人弥补不了损失。 *(2018天津高考)ItIt took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer. a good dancer. 他花了很长时间才获得成为一名优秀舞者所需的技能。 不定式短语作
8、主语时, 为了保持句子平衡, 往往用 it 作形式主语, 而把不定式短语置于谓 语动词之后。 若要说明不定式的动作的执行者, 可以在不定式前面加上“for/of+n. /pron. ”结构。当 形容词表达事物的特征时用 for sb. ; 当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用 of sb. , 这 样的形容词有 careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wrong 等。 *It is generous of him to contributeof him to co
9、ntribute so much. 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。 *It is important for us to livefor us to live a low-carbon life. 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)It is common to findto find (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in peoples homes. (2)If you live in a cold climate, it will be important to knowto know (kno
10、w) your dogs limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. (3)It is an honor for me to be invitedto be invited (invite) to attend the meeting. 2. 2. 不定式作表语不定式作表语 不定式作表语主要有三种情况, 一是用于 seem, appear, prove, turn out 等连系动词之后 的不定式(尤其是 to be); 二是像 My job is to sweep the floor. (我的工作就是擦地板。) 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形;
11、 三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。 *He seems to be ill.to be ill. 他似乎生病了。 *Her wish is to be a teacher.to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。 *We are to meetto meet at the station at three. 我们约定 3 点钟在车站见面。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)It is important to remember when youre trying to get along with people who are very difficult or s
12、eem to be ignoringto be ignoring (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best that they can. (2)He is childrens books editor, whose job is to sortto sort (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times. (3)The goal of this activity is to meetto m
13、eet (meet) the needs of common people. 3. 3. 不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语, 请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望, 拒 绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划, 同 意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help *We agreed to meetagreed to meet at the school g
14、ate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。 (2)在某些动词如 find, think, consider, feel, make, believe 后, 常用 it 作形式 宾语, 然后加宾语补足语, 最后加不定式作真正的宾语。 *We ththink it ink it our duty to protectto protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)He pretended to be readingto be reading (read) the text when I came in. (2)I heard a pas
15、senger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stopto stop (stop) until we reached the next stop. (3)I think it necessary to sendto send (send) for an expert. (4)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to proveto prove (prove) that she has brains as well as be
16、auty. 4. 4. 不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语, 如 ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach 等。 *Father will not allow us to play allow us to play in the street. 父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 表示动作的
17、全过程。 一感 (feel), 二听(hear, listen to), 三使(let, have, make), 五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at), 半帮助 (help), 动词不定式作 help 宾语补足语时, 既可带 to, 也可不 带 to。 *Nobody sawsaw him comecome in. (主动语态) 没人看见他进来。 以上单词, 当其所在句子改为被动句时, 动词不定式符号“to”必须保留。例如: *The thief was observed to enterwas observed to enter the ban
18、k. (被动语态) 有人看见小偷进了银行。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)What caused him to changeto change (change) his mind? (2)He didnt allow the students to goto go (go) there. (3)The teacher got some students to stayto stay (stay) in the classroom after school. (4)He was made to workto work (work) day and night. 5. 5. 不定式作定语不定式作定语
19、 (1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。 *I wanted to come to your birthday party, but I had a project to finishto finish then. (2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。 如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、 工具等, 不定式后需要加相应的介词。 *I need a pen to write with.to write with. 我需要一支钢笔写字。 【名师点津】如果被不定式修饰的名词为 place, time, way 等, 不定式后的介词习惯上可 以省去。 (
20、3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any 等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为逻 辑上的主动关系。 *He is always the first to the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校, 最后一个离校。 (4)被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有: ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。 *The ability toThe ab
21、ility to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能 力与观点本身同等重要。 【名师点津】不定式作定语时, 若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者, 则用主动形式表被动含 义; 若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者, 则用被动形式表被动含义。 *She has a sister to look after.to look after. 她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she 是 look after 的执行者) 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)The best way to setto set (set) yourself up for
22、success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. (2)Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be madeto be made (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. (3)Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other bird
23、s to stayto stay (stay) away. (4)Volunteering gives you a chance to changeto change (change) lives, including your own. 6. 6. 不定式作状语不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语。表示“为了”, 可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性, 不定 式前也可加 in order 或 so as, 但 so as to 不能置于句首。 *To/In order to increaseTo/In order to increase levels of community servic
24、e, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. 为了提高社区服务水平, 一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。 (2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果, 有时前面加 only, 以加强语气。 常用于下列结构中: only to do 表示意想不到的结果 enough to do 足够做 too. . . to do 太而不能 so/such. . . as to. . . 如此以至于 *Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to findonly to find his
25、 plane high up in the sky. 汤姆 乘出租车去了机场, 结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 *He is old enough toold enough to gogo to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 (3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时, 后可接不定式作原因状语, 用以 说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因, 常用于这类结构的形容词有 sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish 等。 *Maggie was
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