1、肺结节最新指南与临床实践注：内有动画制作，浏览时采用幻灯片放映模式声明：本PPT中的内容仅供教学参考，不构成任何医疗建议或诊断依据。用户在使用时应结合实际情况和专业医生的意见，并承担因使用本PPT可能产生的任何后果和责任。一、肺结节指南二、图片展示图片展示三、肺结节本院经典病例分享内 容四、附：教训篇Fleischner 2017 guideline for pulmonary nodulesby Onno Mets and Robin Smithuis the Academical Medical Centre,Amsterdam and the Alrijne Hospital,Leide
2、rdorp,the Netherlands2017年费莱舍尔学会：肺结节指南 Introduction Fleischner Guideline 2017 Introduction介绍 Solid nodules 实性结节 Subsolid nodules 亚实性结节 Risk factors 危险因素 Notes 注意点 Pulmonary Nodule Measurements 肺结节的测量 Perifissural nodules叶间裂旁结节 Publication date July 1,2017 Pulmonary nodules are frequently encountered
3、 incidentally on chest CT.The role of the radiologist is to separate between benign and possibly malignant lesions,and advise on follow-up imaging or additional invasive imaging techniques.This article summarizes the basics of indeterminate pulmonary nodules,and presents the newest management recomm
4、endations of the Fleischner Society.2017年7月1日文章：肺结节是偶然胸部CT检查中频繁遇到的。放射学家的角色就是在良性灶或恶性灶二者间做出鉴别诊断，并提出影像学的随访或附加另外的有创性的介入技术。该文章概括了不能定性的肺结节的基本概念，介绍了由费舍尔学会推荐的最新的管理方法。Pulmonary nodules can be divided into solid lesions and subsolid lesions,which can be further subdivided into part-solid and pure ground glass
5、 nodules.Here some definitions:Subsolid nodule(SSN)A pulmonary nodule with at least partial groundglass appearance GroundglassOpacification with a higher density than the surrounding tissue,not obscuring underlying bronchovascular structures肺结节分为实性病灶和亚实性病变。再进一步分为部分实性和纯磨玻璃结节。也有做如下的定义：*亚实性结节（SSN）：肺结节至
6、少有一部分呈磨玻璃的表现。*磨玻璃：相比周围组织为不透明性的高密度，但不遮挡支气管血管结构。肺结节 亚实性（SSN）实性部分实性（PSN）纯磨玻璃（PGGN）中放2015年4月49卷4期（放射学分会心胸组 专家共识）Fleischner Guideline 2017IntroductionIn 2017 the updated Fleischner Society guideline was published1.These replace the recommendations for solid(2005)2 and subsolid pulmonary nodules(2013)3.Th
7、ese new guidelines should reduce the number of unnecessary follow-up examinations and provide clear management decisions.Nodule characterization should be performed on thin-slice CT images 1.5 mm,since a small solid nodule may appear to have groundglass density on a thick slice due to partial-volume
8、 effect.费舍尔学会：2017年指南更新过的“2017年费舍尔学会肺结节指南”已经发布。它替换了以往推荐的实性结节（2005年）和亚实性肺结节（2013年）新的指南将减少不必要的随访检查并提供了明确的管理决策。结节特征的评价需要薄层CT成像，即层厚要1.5 mm,理由：小的实性结节在较厚的图像上因部分容积效应可以类似于磨玻璃密度。Solid nodulesSolid pulmonary nodules can represent various etiologies:benign granulomas focal scar intrapulmonary lymph nodes prima
9、ry malignancies metastatic disease.Perifissural nodules are a separate entity,since they usually represent intrapulmonary lymph nodes,which are benign and need no follow up.They are discussed in the last chapter.In another article we presented some features that can help to differentiatebetween beni
10、gn and malignant lesions(click here)Unfortunately,there is considerable overlap and often no definitive answer can be given based on imaging morphology.Follow-up is therefore a commonly used strategy.实性结节实性肺结节可有多种病因学：良性肉芽肿、局灶瘢痕、肺内的淋巴结、原发性恶性肿瘤、转移性病变。叶间裂周围的结节是一单独的小体，因为它通常代表肺内的淋巴结而作为良性灶，不需随访（见后述）在另外的文章
11、中我们提出一些影像学特点目的是用于帮助良恶病变间的鉴别，但遗憾的是有相当大的重叠，故而不能根据影像形态学做出更明确的结论，因此随访仍是常用的策略。实性大小随 访低风险低、高低风险低风险低风险高风险高风险高风险高风险多发单发多发多发单发不常规随访3-6个月CT，然后18-24个月CT不常规随访考虑3个月CT，PET-CT或活检6-12个月CT，然后18-24个月CT选择性的1年复查CT选择性的1年复查CT6-12个月CT，然后考虑18-24个月CT3-6个月CT，然后考虑18-24个月CT3-6个月CT，然后考虑18-24个月CT3-6个月CT，然后18-24个月CT低风险高风险单发Subsol
12、id nodulesMost subsolid nodules are transient and the result of infection or hemorrhage.However,persistent subsolid nodules often represent pathology in the adenocarcinomatous spectrum.No reliable distinction can be made radiologically,although studies suggest that larger size and a solid component
13、are associated with more invasive behaviour.Compared to solid lesions,persistent subsolid nodules have a much slower growth rate,but carry a much higher risk of malignancy.In a study by Henschke et al,part-solid nodules were malignant in 63%,pure groundglass SSNs in 18%and solid nodules only in 7%4.
14、亚实性结节大部分的亚实性结节是一过性的并作为感染或出血的结果。然而，持续性的亚实性结节其病理学上多为肺腺癌之谱线。在放射学上，尽管一些研究提示：在较大的结节灶并伴实性成分及侵润征象等，仍没有更可靠的鉴别特征。与实性结节对比，持久性的亚实性结节尽管具有较缓慢的生长速度，但其更多见于恶性肿瘤。在Henschke et al的研究中，恶性肿瘤的分别是：部分实性成分者为63%；纯磨玻璃结节（SSNs）则为18%；实性结节仅7%。磨玻璃6-12月复查CT,若持续，则3、5年CT随后的处理主要基于可疑结节随访单发亚实性结节无需随访部分实性多发性无需随访3-6月复查CT,若持续，则5年内年度CT3-6月复查
15、CT,若稳定，则2年、4年CT3-6月复查CTSubsolid nodules in the adenocarcinomatous spectrum were formerly known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma or BAC.This terminology should no longer be used.A new pathology-based classification for adenocarcinoma was introduced in 2011 and this current classification makes distinctio
16、n between:1.Adenocacinoma in situ.2.Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma.3.Invasive adenocarcinoma.Transient subsolid nodules usually represent infection or alveolar hemorrhage.To differentiate between transient or persistent subsolid nodules a follow-up CT should be obtained.Previously,it was recommen
17、ded to repeat imaging after 3 months,however,this interval has been increased to 12 months.Because of the slower growth rate,the total follow-up period for persistent subsolid nodules has been increased to 5 years.The images show a 7 mm pure groundglass subsolid nodule in the right upper lobe.On fol
18、low-up CT this proved to be a transient subsolid nodule.在肺腺癌中的亚实性结节即旧称的支气管肺泡癌或BAC。腺癌的新的病理学分类已在2011年公布：1、原位腺癌2、微侵润腺癌3、侵润性腺癌 见左上图短暂性的亚实性结节通常代表感染或肺泡出血。为了区分短暂性或持久性亚实性结节，需要CT随访证实。在以前，这种病灶推荐3个月复查。而现在复查间隔增加到12个月。处于较缓慢增长的原因，对恒定的亚实性结节的整个的随访时期，增加到5年。左下图显示：右上叶7mm纯磨玻璃亚实性结节。随访CT证实为短暂性亚实性结节。These images show a pu
19、re groundglass subsolid nodule in the right lower lobe.This lesion demonstrated growth in a two year interval and proved to be malignant after resection.Risk factorsDefining high-or low-risk is currently more difficult than it was in the old guideline.Previously a high-risk subject was identified ba
20、sed on a history of heavy smoking,history of lung cancer in a first-degree relative or exposure to asbestos,radon or uranium.Now,it is aimed for to separate high-risk lesions from low-risk ones by considering more parameters than subject characteristics alone(See Table).左图显示右下叶纯磨玻璃亚实性结节。该病变随访两年期间增大。
21、手术证实为恶性。危险因素定义高或低风险，目前要比旧的指南更困难。先前，被定义为高风险的因素是基于严重吸烟史，直系亲属肺癌史，接触石棉、氡、铀。而今，它是以区分高风险或低风险病灶为目的，则要考虑更多的参数而不是仅靠单一的某些因素。危险因素严重吸烟史暴露于石棉、氡、铀肺癌家族史老龄性别（女多于男）种族（黑人、土著人、夏威夷人多于白种人）边境投机商上叶部位多重性（结节少于5个，恶性几率增加）肺气肿和肺纤维化（特别是IPF）Since these risk factors are numerous and have different effects on the malignancy risk,it
22、 is proposed to assess final risk categories concerning the probability of malignancy 8(Table).NotesThe guideline recommends follow-up for nodules with an estimated lung cancer risk of around 1%or greater,which is an arbitrary cut-off.The likelihood of malignancy is different for an incidentally fou
23、nd pulmonary nodule in the lower lobe of a relatively young patient compared to a nodule in the upper lobe of a high-risk heavy smoker,or in a patient with a known or suspected malignancy.For this reason the Fleischner guideline for the management of pulmonary nodules separates high-and low-risk,and
24、 does not apply to subjects younger than 35 years,immunocompromised patients or patients with cancer 1.恶性肿瘤的可能性评估低概率（5%）年轻不吸烟无先前癌结节小边缘规则结节非上叶中概率（5-65%）具有高与低混合特征高概率（65%）年老严重吸烟有先前癌结节大边缘不规则结节位于上叶使用2017年费舍尔学会肺结节指南的注意点仅用于35岁及以上者不适用免疫功能低下者，或已患有确诊性癌症者使用薄层（低剂量）CT成像重组图描述其特征和进行肺结节随访。结节的手工测量是基于结节的长轴和短轴径线；选择性地使
25、用结节灶的容积测量，需保证随访期间的成像技术和软件的恒定性。新的指南的风险分级是两方面的综合，即病人高危因素、肺结节的特征。而不同于单一分析低或高危因素的往年的文献。Pulmonary Nodule MeasurementsIn the Fleischner guidelines nodule dimensions can be obtained using either 2D caliper measurements or 3D nodule volumetry.Manual 2D caliper measurements should be based on the average of
26、the long-and short-axis diameters of the nodule.These should be obtained on the same transverse,coronal or sagittal reconstructed image,whichever plane reveals the greatest dimensions 1.This is new compared to the prior guideline,in which dimensions were averaged diameters in the axial plane only 2.
27、Manual 2D caliper measurements should be rounded to the nearest whole millimeter.In part-solid subsolid nodules both the total nodule as well as the solid component dimensions should be measured separately,both using the abovementioned averaging technique.肺结节测量费舍尔指南中，对肺结节的大小可以通过2D卡尺测量，或者3D结节容积测量获得。手
28、动的2D卡尺测量应是以结节的最大长轴和短轴之和除以2，而获得结节的平均大小。随访对比，应以同样的轴位、冠状、矢状重组图，选择层面内的最大径。在对部分实性的亚实性结节测量，要对其实性及磨玻璃成分要分别测量。同先前的指南比较，结节的大小只是由轴位层面上的平均直径表示。而新的2D手工卡尺测量应该是更接近实际的整体大小（mm）A lesion which measures 8 5 mm has an average of(8+5):2=6.5 mm-rounded up to 7 mm最终测量：7mmPerifissural nodules(PFN)Perifissural nodules are a
29、 separate entity,and likely represent intrapulmonary lymph nodes.Morphologically these are solid,homogeneous nodules with a smooth margin,and are oval or rounded,lentiform or triangular in shape.Their location is within 15 mm of the fissure or the pleura.They may or may not have contact with an inte
30、rlobar septum.The latter differentiates between a typical and atypical PFN(see Figure).PFNs can show significant growth rates on serial imaging,sometimes comparable to malignant nodules.This is not a typical sign of malignancy,but merely a result of their presumed lymphatic origin.典型的PFN不典型的PFN非PFN叶
31、间裂周围的结节叶间裂周围的结节是单独的实体，很可能是肺内的淋巴结。在形态上，这些结节为实性、密度均匀，边缘光滑，呈椭圆形或圆形、或凸透镜状或三角形。在PFN的位置上，胸膜或叶间裂位于其内占据15mm。或伴/不伴随与小叶间隔的接触。多个PFN在系列成像上可能显示其明显的增长率，有时候酷似恶性结节。这并非典型的恶性特征，只不过提示为淋巴源性。In screening setting it has been shown that none of the 919 typical and atypical PFNs were found to be malignant in a 5.5 year fol
32、low-up 5.This confirmed prior results of Ahn et al.6.It is assumed that this benign etiology can be extrapolated to clinical subjects,which is supported by yet unpublished data in routine-care clinical CT imaging 7.The currently available guidelines recommend that when small nodules have a perifissu
33、ral or other juxtapleural location and a morphology consistent with an intrapulmonary lymph node,follow-up CT is not recommended,even if the average dimension exceeds 6 mm.Perifissurally located nodules that do not conform to the morphologic characteristics should be regarded as non-PFN nodules(Figu
34、re)and does require follow-up.处于叶间裂旁的结节，它不符合PFN的形态特点，应被列为非PFN结节（左下图）并需要随访。作者的919个典型的或不典型的PFNs在随访5.5年后没有一个发现是恶性的病灶。这也证实之前Ahn et al的研究结果。假如该良性病因如果为临床学科所接受，那么将是对至今还没有出版的临床CT成像常规护理一书的支持。Incidental perifissural nodules on routine chest computed tomography:lung cancer or not?by Mets et al.Unpublished data
35、.Submitted当前的能查到的多数指南中建议：当叶间裂周围或邻近胸膜部位发现小结节并且其形态与肺内淋巴结一致时，即使平均大小超过6mm,也不推荐对其做CT随访。1.Guidelines for Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images:From the Fleischner Society 2017 by MacMahon et al.Radiology(2017)DOI10.1148/radiol.2017161659.Epub ahead of print2.Guidelines for manag
36、ement of small pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans:a statement from the Fleischner Society by MacMahon et al.Radiology(2005)237:395-4003.Recommendations for the management of subsolid pulmonary nodules detected at CT:a statement from the Fleischner Society.by Naidich DP.et al.Radiology(2013)266(1
37、):304-17.4.CT screening for lung cancer:frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules.by Claudia I.Henschke et alAJR 2002;178:1053-1057 5.Pulmonary perifissural nodules on CT scans:rapid growth is not a predictor of malignancy by de Hoop B.et al.Radiology(2012)265(2):611-66.Perifissu
38、ral nodules seen ar CT screening for lung cancer by Ahn et al.Radiology(2010)254(3):949-9567.Incidental perifissural nodules on routine chest computed tomography:lung cancer or not?by Mets et al.Unpublished data.Submitted8.Evaluation of Individuals With Pulmonary Nodules:When Is It Lung Cancer?by Mi
39、chael K.Gould et al.Chest.2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e93S-e120S.Guidelines for Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images:From the Fleischner Society 2017July 2017Volume 284,Issue 1Published in:Heber MacMahon;David P.Naidich;Jin Mo Goo;Kyung Soo Lee;Ann N.C.Leung;John R.Mayo;Atul C.
40、Mehta;Yoshiharu Ohno;Charles A.Powell;Mathias Prokop;Geoffrey D.Rubin;Cornelia M.Schaefer-Prokop;William D.Travis;Paul E.Van Schil;Alexander A.Bankier;Radiology 2017,284,228-243.DOI:10.1148/radiol.20171616592017 by the Radiological Society of North America,Inc.http:/pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/rad
41、iol.2017161659A picture is worth a thousand words 一幅图胜千言 接下来就以近期刊在 Radiology上的一篇文献中的13个病例的26幅图为例，学习一下偶然发现的肺结节影像学特点及对待原则。Figure 1:(a)Lung window and(b)soft-tissue window 1-mm transverse CT sections show a smoothly marginated solid nodule(arrow)with internal fat and calcification,consistent with a ham
42、artoma.No further CT follow-up is recommended for such findings.这样的结节不推荐CT随访含钙化、脂肪：肺错构瘤Figure 2:(a)CT image shows a smoothly marginated solid nodule with central calcification,typical of a healed granuloma.No further CT follow-up is recommended for such nodules.(b)CT image shows a smoothly marginate
43、d solid nodule with laminar calcification,typical of a healed granuloma.No further CT follow-up is recommended for such findings.这两例结节不推荐CT随访中央钙化、层状钙化：为愈合后的肉芽肿Figure 3:(a)Transverse 5-mm CT section shows an apparently pure ground-glass nodule in the left lower lobe(arrow).(b)Transverse 1-mm CT secti
44、on at the same level as a reveals that this is a suspicious part-solid nodule with cystic components(arrow).轴位5mm层厚显示左下肺病变似乎为纯磨玻璃结节同水平的轴位1mmCT如图，可疑为部分实性结节伴囊性成分。Figure 4:(a)Transverse 1-mm CT section shows a nodular opacity adjacent to the minor fissure(arrow).(b)Coronal reconstructed CT image shows
45、that the opacity is a benign linear scar or lymphoid tissue(arrow).轴位1mm层厚CT显示结节密度紧邻于小裂。冠状重组CT图显示该密度为良性线样瘢痕或淋巴样组织。Figure 6:Transverse 1-mm CT section through the left upper lobe shows a suspicious solid spiculated nodule(arrow).Surgery revealed invasive adenocarcinoma.Figure 5:CT image shows a solid
46、 triangular subpleural nodule(arrow)with a linear extension to the pleural surface,typical of an intrapulmonary lymph node.No CT follow-up is recommended for such findings.轴位1mm层厚显示左上肺一周边针状结节，手术证实侵润性腺癌。实性三角形胸膜下结节并线样延伸至胸膜表面，此为典型的肺内淋巴结。这种表现不推荐做CT随访。Figure 7:Transverse 1-mm CT sections obtained 10 mont
47、hs apart show a highly suspicious pattern of progressive thickening in the wall of a right lower lobe cyst(arrow).Resection revealed invasive adenocarcinoma.轴位1mm层厚的图像，间隔10个月后显示右下叶囊壁明显增厚。手术及病理为侵润性腺癌。必须重视这样的特殊肺癌（囊性肺癌）Figure 8:CT image shows multiple solid nodules of varying size with lower zone predo
48、minance(arrows)secondary to metastatic thyroid carcinoma.Figure 9:Transverse 1-mm CT sections through the right lower lobe.(a)A well-defined 6-mm ground-glass nodule(arrow)can be seen.(b)Image obtained more than 2 years after a shows a subtle increase in the size of the nodule(arrow).This finding wa
49、s confirmed by noting the slightly altered relationship to adjacent vascular structures.Such subtle progression can be detected only by using 1-mm contiguous sections.Findings are consistent with adenocarcinoma in situ or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,and continued yearly follow-up is recommende
50、d.CT图显示下叶多发性结节，源自甲状腺癌的转移瘤。1、轴位1mmCT图见右肺下叶。左图：6mm磨玻璃结节。右图：2年 后显示轻度增大。2、这种增大，可通过结节与邻近血管的关系得到验证。3、这种轻度的进展只能通过1mm的连续层面才能观察到。4、这些表现符合肺腺癌（原位癌或微浸润腺癌），并且推荐对 其做年度随访。Figure 10:(a)A 1-mm transverse CT image through the right midlung shows a 10-mm pure ground-glass nodule(arrow).(b)CT image in the same location
