1、同位语(Appositive)同位语本质上是一种修饰语，它对与之同位的名词词组提供补充说明、修饰和描绘的作用。一、常见组成：1. 名词词组，位置一般在与之同位的名词之后，也有提前或置于句末的情况。Your brother, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that was offered him.Streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea, sharks are equipped with an extraordinary sense of smell.Only one problem
2、still remainsthe storage of the grain.An excellent, all-round student with a congenial personality, Miss Ruel is a promising candidate for wow, an international scholarship program for outstanding women around the word.2. 代词(反身代词/不定代词/指示代词)My father will go and see it himself. (reflexive pronoun)My
3、friends all understand me. (indefinite pronoun)Air, food, water and heatthese are four requirements of all living things.(demonstrative pronoun)3. 非谓语小句She liked her job, teaching English. (gerund)During all those years the young man had but one aimto fight for the independence of his motherland.(in
4、finitive)4. 同位语从句（略） answer, advice, assurancebelief, conclusion, commanddecision, discovery, doubt, demand, desire, explanation, evidence,fact, feelinghope,guaranteeidea, information, insistence, instruction, impressionknowledge,law,message, news,opinion, order,possibility, problem, promise, proof,
5、 proposal, plan, propositionquestion,report, risk, rumor, recommendation, request, requirement, story, suggestiontruth, theory, thought,wish, word二、常用引导方式：1. 标点符号（comma, dash）2. 介词（of）The city of Shanghai=the city, ShanghaiThe month of May=the month, MayThe art of painting=the art, painting3. 引导词（表等
6、同关系/列举关系/突出重点）(1) namely, that is(i.e.), that is to say, in other words, or, for shortA pronoun is a pro-form, i.e. a form used to refer to a person or a thing. He studies linguistics, or the science of language.He is a cutler -that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp tools.(2) for example,
7、for instance, such as, say, includingSome animals, for example the fox and squirrel, have bushy tails.Besides English he knows other foreign languages, such as French and German.Any dictionary, say Hornbys Advanced Learners Dictionary, will serve my purpose for the time being.(3) especially, particu
8、larly, chiefly, mostlyMost students in our class, particularly David and Chris, are fond of music. I want very much to read these new novels, especially the one you mentioned.4. 同位语从句引导词（关系代词/关系副词）关系代词：Who、whose、which、that关系副词：when、where、why、how三、同位语的翻译1. 翻译成名词前的定语We have been fortunate to have Mr.
9、Jackson, a distinguished linguist from the United States, with us today.今天能邀请到美国著名的语言学家杰克逊先生,我们感到非常荣幸。2. 用“即”The boiling temperature, or boiling point, is the temperature at which a liquid boils under ordinary pressure. “沸腾温度即沸点,系液体在常压下沸腾的温度。3. 同位语从句,可根据情况运用断开法、重复法、解释法、转换法加以处理,也可以译为汉语局位语或外位语。(1)一般同位
10、语从句可直接译为汉语同位结构或外位结构。The fact that the electronic computer is developing most rapidly is so attractive in all countries of the world.“电子计算机正在飞速发展(这一事实),引起了世界各国的注意。” (译为同位语)或 “电子计算机正在飞速发展,这一事实引起了世界各国的注意”。(译为外位语)。(2)转换为汉语的定语结构The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a ma
11、p ehowing the chief oilfields of the world.“粗略地观察一幅标有世界各大油田的地图,就可以证实关于石油形成于海洋的论断（3）重复有的英语同位语用重复先行词的方法突出或强调先行词的含义,汉译也可重复这些词。He is now faced with an important decision，a decision that can afeet bis entire future. 他现在正面临着一个重大的决策,这个决策将影响他的整个前程。”即使英语没有重复,汉译时也可采用重复法来处理。Al of these arrangements were a prel
12、ude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize. 所有这一切安排仅仅是这次舞会的序曲,舞会才是女主人的最终目的。(4) 解释法(把同位成分转换为有关中心词的表语) An excellent, all-round student with a congenial personality, Miss Ruel is a promising candidate for wow, an international scholarship program for outstanding women around the word.鲁尔小姐是一个全面发展的学生,品学
13、兼优,堪称前程无量的wow候选人;所谓wow乃是为世界各国杰出妇女而设的一个国际性的奖学金项目。 (5) 可以把先行词转换为动词,，让同位语从句作宾语。One aspect of a feudal mentality which held women in a subordinate position was the idea that there were certain things that woman could not do.认为妇女低人一等的封建意识的一个表现,就是认为有些事情妇女干不了。In a few years time his children would graduate
14、, and he was happy in the belief that the education they had received would enable them to make a useful contribution to society.几年后,他的孩子们就要毕业了。他相信他们所受的教育会使他们对社会做出有益的贡献,因而他很高兴。四、同位语的附加修饰成分修饰成分不是修饰名词中心词，而是修饰同位语成分，通常为一些副词和介词词组，可以与定语从句中的状语进行相互转换。Tom, normally a timid boy, jumped into the river and save
15、d the drowning girl. Dr Helfand, formerly director of our hospital, wrote many books on medicine.Professor Grace, at that time a college student, wrote poems and stories for magazines and newspapers.Lucy, in her youth a talented musician, still gives concerts every now and then.Shanghai, which was once the paradise for adventurers, is now the largest industrial base in China.如果把 which-分句转换为同位语，副词once便成了同位语的修饰成分:Shanghai, once the paradise for adventurers .
