1、语法系列专题-名词性从句Noun Clauses 判断下列句子中划线名词充当什么成分The book is interesting. I like English. My mother is a doctor. I come from Tangshan, a beautiful city. 升级-判断下列句子中划线部分充当什么成分：What he said is interesting. I like what you said. My mother is whom I love most. This is my idea that English is very important. 思考：
2、1. 一个句子在连接词的引导下，在句子中起_作用的句子叫名词性从句。2名词性从句相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任哪些句子成分？ _ 3. 根据从句在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句可分为哪四类呢？ _ 4. 注意：名词性从句要用 语序。 n. 性从句Adv. 性从句-状语从句Adj. 性从句-定语从句复合句并列句简单句句子类型引导名词性从句的连接词为三类：从属连词：that, whether,if 在句中不充当任何成分，只是起到连接从句的功能。连接代词：what, whatever, who,whoever, whom,whomever, whose, which, whichever代替句
3、子成分（主宾表定）连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever等 代替句子成分（状）一 主语从句 - 在主从复合句中充当主语的从句即为主语从句。1. 例句体会（Reading and Thinking）（1） What concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat.（2） How this could be done was a challenging ques
4、tion at the time. （3） Whether it was possible to develop a hybrid of self-pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate.（4） It is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuans hybrid strains.（5） What impresses people m
5、ost about Yuan Longping is his ongoing ability to fulfil his dreams.2. 具体用法（1） that 引导的主从，that 含义，在句子中 任何成分，不可省略。 That Yuan Longping had realised his dream of seawater rice surprised the whole world. Thattheearthisround isafact.（2） whether 引导主从，译为 ，不可省；放在句首时不可换成 ；但是当用 it 作形式主语时，主语从句引导词 ；若有or not, 只能
6、用 。 Whether he likes this present is unclear. ( ) If he likes this present is unclear. ( ) It is unclear whether/if he likes this present. Whether he likes this present or not is unclear.（3） 连接代词 what, who, whose, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 引导的主从，连接词在从句中充当 等成分，有意义且不可省略。（whoever=no matter wh
7、o,whatever=no matter what，whichever=no matter which等等；特别注意：whatever等可引导主语从句，但是no matter what/who 等只能引导让步状语从句。） What she did is not yet known. Who will go to the concert is not known. Which book they will choose is not clear. Whoever comes is welcome. Whichever of you comes in first will receive a pr
8、ize. （4） 连接副词when, where, why, how 引导的主从，连接词在从句中充当 成分，有意义且不可省略。 When we arrive doesnt matter. Whenthemeetingistobeheldhasnotyetbeendecided. Whyherefusedtocooperatewithusisstillamystery. Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.（5） 为避免头重脚轻，常用 做形式主语，真正的主语从句后置。 Itissuggestedthatthemeeti
9、ng(should)beputoff. Itisnecessarythatyou(should) mastersomecomputerskills. Itisashamethatyoudidnotpassthetest.基本结构为：It is/was/seems + +that从句补充1：It isreportedthat .（据报道） It isbelievedthat .（人们相信） Itisgenerallythoughtthat （人们普遍认为）Ithasbeenfoundthat .（现已发现） Itshouldbenotedthat （应当注意）Itmustbepointedout
10、that （必须指出）It is estimated that.（据估算.） It is well-known that. （众所周知.）补充2：Itisgoodnewsthat .(真是太好了) Itisnowonderthat .(难怪) Itisashamethat .(遗憾/羞耻的是；真是太不像话了)Itiscommonknowledgethat .(是常识)Itisamiraclethat .(真是个奇迹) It is a pity that. (真是个遗憾) 3. 主语从句中应注意的问题(1)从句的语序要用陈述语序。Whoever leaves the room last is e
11、xpected to turn off the lights.无论谁最后离开房间都要把灯关掉。(2)从句作主语时，主句谓语一般用单数形式。what引导主语从句时，谓语动词单复数形式遵循意义一致原则（即看后面的表语或宾语）。What you said just now is quite right.刚刚你说的话很对。What he wants to read now are some magazines. 现在他想读的是一些杂志。(3)从句的时态一般要取决于主句。What made people excited was that the solar ship had completed arou
12、nd-the-world trip.让人们激动的是太阳能船已完成了环游世界的旅行。v 即时训练1. he got the first prize in the English Contest surprised all of us.2. they would support us was a problem.3. will take the place of Mr.Li as our new headmaster hasnt been decided.4. caused the accident to happen hasnt been made clear yet.5. has helped
13、 to save the drowning girl is worth praising.6. is said that Peter will have a chance to travel abroad next month.7. We usually think _ we cant get seems better than what we have. 8. comes to the activity will receive a present.9. _ surprised me most was _ the little boy did so well in the competiti
14、on. 10. The Greens are said to be traveling in Africa at present.(it作形式主语） 11. 请用合适的连接词完成下列语篇Grandma has been complaining about the vegetables sold in the supermarket, _ have been grown using chemical fertilisers. To her, _ they look beautiful on the outside is obvious. However, _ she is unhappy abo
15、ut is the lower nutritional value and reduced flavour. Now that both of my grandparents have retired from their jobs in the city, _ they are going to spend their retirement is an important decision for them. _ they can live a healthy life is the first thing they are considering. So they have made up
16、 their minds to move to the countryside, _ they can live a green life. 12. 请用合适的连接词完成下列语篇Everyone knew 1_ Andy was a famous writer, but no one knew 2_she came from and 3_ she was born in 1961 was still a mystery. 4_they did know was 5_she was loved by poor people because she always helped 6 _ was in
17、 need of money. 二 表语从句-在复合句中位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫作表语从句1. 请回顾连系动词有哪五大类？ 2. 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词基本一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if/as though/because引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+ that从句。如：That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。That is because he wasnt prepared well fo
18、r the meeting. 那是因为他没有为会议准备好。注意：as if/as though 引导表语从句时，在表示与事实不符的情况下用虚拟语气。It appears as if he hadnt met her. 好像他从未见过她。The pen in the water looks as if it were broken.钢笔在水里看起来好像折断了一样。 3. 表语从句中需注意的问题(1) why，because引导的表语从句的区别： why，because都可引导表语从句。表示原因的名词(reason，cause)作句子主语时，其后的表语从句常用that引导，不可用because。例
19、：The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus this morning.他迟到的原因是他今天早上没赶上早班公共汽车。 because引导的表语从句常用于thats because.结构中，说明产生上述结果的原因；why引导的名词性从句说明由上述原因导致的某种结果。I was late for school today. Thats because I stayed up too late last night. (果因)今天早上我上学迟到了。那是因为我昨晚熬夜太晚了。I stayed up too late last
20、night. Thats why I was late for school today. (因果)我昨晚熬夜太晚。那就是我今天早上上学迟到的原因。(2) 主语是表示“建议、命令、要求、计划(suggestion，advice，proposal，order，command，request，requirement，demand，plan，idea)”等的名词时，表语从句应该用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。My suggestion is that we(should)set off early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天早早动身。v 即时训练
21、1. Im wondering _ you are always late for class.2. I am not sure _he is willing to help me.3. My parents are very kind to me and always let me do _- I think I should do.4. The trouble is _ I lost the key to my room.5. The question discussed at the meeting was_ it was worth trying.6. We think_- its n
22、ecessary to talk with him again.7. Do you remember_ he came here?8. All this was over twenty years ago，but it is _ it were only yesterday.9. the students suggested was more free time to arrange their studies.A. That; that they must be given B. What; that they be givenC. Whether; that they should be
23、given D. How; what should be given三 宾语从句-在复合句中作动词、介词以及系表(be+形容词)结构后做宾语的从句。He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter.She was not happy at what he had said.I am sure that you are right.1. 连接词与主语从句中一致。连接代词 who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever有意义，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语成
24、分；连接副词when，where，how，why有意义，在从句中充当状语。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样把工作做好。 (how作_)She gave up what she was doing.她放弃了她正在做的事情。 (what作_)Do you know who has won Red Alert game? (who作_)Do you know when the meeting will begin?你知道什么时候开会吗？ (when作_)Can I speak to whoever is in charge of
25、this project? (whoever作_)She was not aware how dangerous it would be. (how dangerous作_)2. 注意：这种宾语从句有疑问意义，但不是疑问句，不能用疑问语序，而要用陈述语序。（详见上述例句）3. 当某些动词后的宾语从句之后有宾语补足语(通常是形容词或名词)时，为避免头轻脚重，常用it代替that宾语从句作形式宾语，注意此时的that不可省略。（1）常见的这类动词有find，think，consider，take，feel等。I think it necessary that we take plenty of h
26、ot water every day. We find it difficult that we should finish the work on time.（2）在like，enjoy，love，hate 等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词或一些特殊动词(短语)如take，depend on，rely on，see to等后若要跟宾语从句，需跟形式宾语 it。I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。You may depend on it that they will support you. 你相信好了
27、，他们会支持你的。（3）当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose,expect等，而宾语从句是否定意思，同时主句的主语是第一人称时，常否定主句而不否定从句。即：否定前移。I dont think I know you. 我认为我不了解你。I dont believe you lose heart. 我认为你不会失去信心。4. 宾语从句的虚拟语气表示“建议、命令、要求、决定、主张”等动词后的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气，即“should动词原形”，其中should可以省略。这类动词主要有insist，order，demand等。例：He insisted that all of
28、us should be there on time by any means.补充：后接宾语从句常用虚拟语气的动词口诀：“一二四四”一“坚持”(insist)； 二“命令”(order，command)；三“建议”(advise，suggest，recommend，propose)；四“要求”(demand，desire，require，request)5. 宾语从句中经常遇到直接引语和间接引语的转化，以下为几点注意事项。在交流中，我们经常会遇到需要引用或转述别人的话的时候，这种引用或转述别人的话称之为引语。引述别人的话一般采用两种方式：一种是原封不动地引述别人的话，并将它放在引号内，称为直
29、接引语(Direct Speech)；另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语(Indirect Speech)。直接引语和间接引语都是复合句中的宾语从句。当把直接引语变为间接引语时，原来直接引语中的人称、时态、状语及主谓语序都要作相应改变。（1） 人称转换：不固定，具体情况具体对待。 一随主：直接引语中第一人称变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。 二随宾：直接引语中第二人称变为和间接宾语（即听话人）相一致的人称。 第三人称不更新：直接引语中第三人称变为间接宾语时，人称不变。He said, “I like it very much.” He said that he l
30、iked it very much.I said to her, “I have done my best.” I told her that I had done my best.He said to me，“You are wrong.” He told me that I was wrong.（2） 时态转换直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时cancouldmaymight特殊情况：从句时态无需变化的情况 如果直接引语表示客观真理，在变为间接引语时，时态不变。The teacher said to us,
31、“Light runs much faster than sound.”The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound. 经常的习惯He said to the doctor, “I smoke two packs every day.” He told the doctor that he smokes two packs every day. 历史事件The teacher said, “World War II ended in 1945.” The teacher said that World War II ended in
32、 1945. 部分情态动词, 如must, ought to, used to, had better等She said to me, “You must hurry up.” She said that I must hurry up.（3） 时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化。直接引语间接引语nowthenatthemomentatthatmomenttodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforelastweek/month/yeartheweek/month/yearbefore,thepreviousweek/month/yeartomorrowthen
33、extday,thefollowingdaynextweek/month/yearthenextweek/month/year, thefollowingweek/month/yearthis week/monththat week/monthten days /weeksagoten days before变化项目直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethose地点状语herethere方向性动词comegobringtake（4） 语序变化:直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。 一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语：将直接引语变为由if或whethe
34、r引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后。Eg. Mother asked me, “Have you finished your homework?”Mother asked me whether/if I had finished my homework. 选择疑问句由whether . or引导的宾语从句。Eg. “Are you going to Beijing or Shanghai for the holidays?” she asked. She asked me whether I was going to Beijing or Shanghai for the holidays. 反
35、意疑问句由连词whether或if引导的宾语从句。Eg. “You dont like rock music, do you?” he said. He asked me whether/if I liked rock music. 特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语：将直接引语变为由“疑问词”引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后。Eg. “How many sleeping pills have you taken?” asked the nurse.The nurse asked me how many sleeping pills I had taken. 表示请求、劝告、建议等意义的疑问句变为
36、间接引语：suggest + doing或ask/advise +宾语+动词不定式。Eg. “What about starting early tomorrow morning?” Jack said. Jack suggested starting early tomorrow morning. 祈使句动词+宾语+不定式。常见引述动词有tell, order, ask, warn。如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。Eg. He said to Ann, “Tell me your problem.” He told Ann to tell him her problem. “Be
37、careful with the dog, boys,” she said. She warned the boys to be careful with the dog. “Dont work in bed, Tom,” she said. She told Tom not to work in bed.v 即时训练1.Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers. 2.Experts believe people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary
38、. 3.I think impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses. 4.Cheer yourself up. Courage means doing _ youre often afraid to do.5.Mary thinks _ mooncakes are delicious.6.I dont know _ he will come on time tomorrow.7.Kate wonders _ she can get to the bookstore.8.Could you please tell me _ the
39、 bus will arrive?9.Can you tell me _ you were late this morning?10.Im not sure _ they will like it or not.11.He made_ quite clear that he wouldnt change his mind.12.This depends on _ the weather is fine.13.There is no doubt _the event will attract more visitors to enjoy visiting this wonderful city.
40、14.Were sure _our team will win.15.I dont know _(whether/if) to stay at home.16.I dont care _hell stay here or not.17.We think it wrong _ he told a lie to everyone.18.Will you tell me _I can keep healthy?19.学生们知道他们应该努力学习20. 你知道附近是否有药店吗？四 同位语从句1. 同位语从句对抽象名词进一步解释，说明其具体内容的从句。常见名词有fact，news，idea，belief，
41、thought，truth，hope，problem，question，information，wish，promise，answer，evidence，report，explanation，suggestion，conclusion等抽象名词。 The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting. Some people have the idea that you can cross Canada in less than five days，but they forget the fact that Can
42、ada is 5,500 kilometres from coast to coast. The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.2. 同位语从句的虚拟语气名词suggestion，order，demand，command，request，desire，proposal等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动词用“shoulddo”，should可省略。3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：that在定从中充当成分，在同位语从句中只起连接作用，无实际意义。对比例句：I had no idea that you were here. ( )
