1、名词性从句一定义：在复合句中具有名词的性质的作主语、表语、同位语、宾语的从句叫名词性从句。因此，我们把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。如：It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.事实上英语作为国际语言正为世人所接受。(主语从句)The trouble is that she has lost his address.麻烦的是她把他的地址搞丢了。（表语从句）They have no idea at all where he has gone.他们不知道他去
2、什么地方了。（同位语从句）Do you remember how he came?你记得他怎么来的么？（宾语从句）二名词性从句的连接词连接词语义在从句中的作用that无不充当成分whether/if是否不充当成分连接词as if/as though（只连接表从）似乎不充当成分what(ever)什么；的事/东西；多么充当主、宾、表、定who(ever)/whomever谁充当主、宾、表which(ever)哪一个充当主、宾、表、定连接代词whose谁的充当定语when(ever)什么时候充当状语where(ever)什么地方充当状语why为什么充当状语how(ever)怎么;多么充当状语连接副
3、词because（只连接表从）因为充当状语三语序（正常语序）如：What we cant getWhat we cant get seems better than what we have.我们得不到的似乎比我们所拥有的要好。The photographs will show you what our village looks likewhat our village looks like.这些照片将向你展示我们村庄的面貌。四时态的呼应（1）如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，从句的谓语动词的时态不受主句谓语动词时态的制约。如：I wonder why Jenny hasnt writte
4、n us recentlywhy Jenny hasnt written us recently.我不知道为什么珍妮最近没有给我们写信。（2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词动作发生在主句的动作之前，过去完成时、过去完成进行时。如：The police found that the house that the house had been broken intohad been broken into and a lot of things stolen.警察发现有人闯入房子并且很多东西被偷She said she had been waiting for me for a lo
5、ng timeshe had been waiting for me for a long time.她说她等了我很长时间。（3）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句的动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：I didnt know you were here.you were here.我不知道你在这里。I was told that they were designing a new machinethat they were designing a new machine.有人告诉我他们在设计一种新机器。（4）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作发生在主句的
6、动作之后，则从句的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。如：We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soonthat he would leave office soon.当他宣布他不久就要离职时，我们都很吃惊。They said they would be listening to a report on current affairsthey would be listening to a report on current affairs.他说他们将听关于时事的报告。主语从句
7、一定义：在复合句中，作主语的句子称为主语从句，通常位于谓语动词之前。如：Who will win the match is still unknown.谁会赢得这场比赛，目前还不清楚。二连接词引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词：that、whether、if；关系代词：who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever；关系副词：when,where,how,why,however,whenever,wherever 等从属连词 that，whether 引导的主语从句：引导主语从句，它们在从句中不担任成分，不能省略 如：Wh
8、ether she will come or notWhether she will come or not is still a question.她是否会来仍是一个问题。That they will goThat they will go is certain.他们去是肯定的。注意：whether，if 的区别：（1）whether 引导主语从句可以放句首，也可以放句尾，表示“是否”，不可省略。（2）If 引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面要用 it 作形式主语。如：Whether she will come or not is uncertain.她会不会来还不确定。It remains
9、to be seen if they can be good parents.他们是否能成为一对合格的父母还有待观察。随堂练习：用 whether,if 或 that 填空1.the meeting will be put off hasnt been decided yet.2.It remains unknown we will go for an outing tomorrow.3.the earth is round is true.4.you missed such an interesting film is a pity.5.shes coming or not doesnt m
10、atter too much.由关系代词引导的主语从句：who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever 等，引导主语从句时，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。如：Whoever leaves the room lastWhoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.无论谁最后离开房间，都应该关灯。注意：no matter who 和 whoever 的区别：1.no matter who 通常只能引导状语从句，而不能引导名词性从句。2.w
11、hoever 既可引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句关系副词引导的主语从句：when,where,why,how,however,whenever,wherever 等引导主语从句时，它们在从句中担任状语，不能省略。如：Why he didnt come hereWhy he didnt come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清楚。How a telephone worksHow a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer.电话是怎样工作的，这个问题并不是每个人都能回答。W
12、here she has goneWhere she has gone is not known yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。When they will start When they will start has not been decided yet.他们何时动身还未定下来。随堂练习1.you dont like him is none of my business.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether2.well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where3.
13、is going to do the job will be decided by the manager.A.That B.Why C.How D.Who4.well finish translating the book depends on the time.A.When B.Why C.What D.That5.he wont go there is clear to all of us.A.How B.What C.Why D.This三有时为了避免头重脚轻，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语放后面。it 作形式主语的常用句型It+be+形容词（clear/unfair 等）+tha
14、t.如：Its strange that he didnt come yesterdaythat he didnt come yesterday.他昨天没来是很奇怪的。It+be+名词词组（a fact/a pity/a shame 等）+that.如：It is a question that It is a question that who will hold the meeting.谁来主持会议是个问题。It+be+过去分词（announced/believed/expected 等）+that.如：It is said that there was a terrible plane
15、crash this morningthat there was a terrible plane crash this morning.据说今天早上有一起可怕的飞机坠毁事故。It+seems/appears/happens 等+that.如：It seems that he is a good guy.他似乎是个好人注意：在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”如：It is a pity that you(should)have to leave.真遗憾你非走不可。随堂练习：翻译句子1.吸烟危害健康，这是事实。2.中国人口众多
16、是一件极大的好事。3.据说 Jack 篮球打得很棒。4.对她来参加聚会来说很重要。5.他们似乎已经离开了北京。四主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况。（1）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句、感叹句时，主语从句不可提前，用引导词 it 作形式主语。如：Is it really true that he has gone abroadthat he has gone abroad?他真的出国了吗？How surprising it was that he failed in the examthat he failed in the exam!真令人惊奇，他考试没有及格！（2）It is said,repor
17、ted,结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：Its said that the play is very interestingthat the play is very interesting.据说戏剧很有趣。Its reported that the highway will be opened to traffic next week.that the highway will be opened to traffic next week.据报道，高速路下周通车。（3）It happens,occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：It occurred to her that she had
18、 forgotten to lock the door.that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想起忘了锁门。It happened that I met him in the streetthat I met him in the street.我恰巧在大街上遇到了他。（4）It doesnt matter how,whether or not结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：It doesnt matter whether he likes it or not.whether he likes it or not.他喜欢与否无关紧要。五it 作形式
19、主语与 it 引导强调句的比较。强调句：去掉 it is.that 部分，句子意思仍然完整如：It is certain that that she will succeed.她会成功是肯定的。（主语从句）It is in New York that that I met him.是在纽约我见到了他。（强调句）随堂练习：用适当的连接词填空1.It is probable it will rain today.2.you dont like him is none of my business.3.matters most in learning English is enough practi
20、ce.4.breaks the law can never escape from being punished.5.of them will take charge of our company is still being discussed.6.worries us most is that the number of the kids dominated by computers is growing fast.7.one can turn his dream into a reality depends on his talent and the efforts he makes.8
21、.I believe is that you need to act smartly,instead of following what everyone else is doing.9.It is required in the regulations you shouldnt tell other people the password of your e-mail account.10.It has been proved eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in la
22、ter life.表语从句一在复合句中，作表语的句子称为表语从句，位于主句中的连系动词之后。如：The trouble is that we are short of moneythat we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。二常见的连系动词常见的连系动词有：(系动词后接形容词)be 动词：am,is,are,was,were.如：I am interested in reading books.Books are very interesting.我对读书很感兴趣。书很有趣。感官连系动词：feel(摸起来),look/seem(看起来),smell(闻起来),sou
23、nd(听起来),taste(尝起来).如：Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很软。It sounds good.听起来很棒。“变化”连系动词：become,get,grow,turn,come,go,fall,run.如：The fish went bad.鱼变坏了。Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临时，树会变绿。“持续、保持”连系动词：keep,stay,remain,stand,lie,hold.如：Please keep silent.请保持安静 “似乎”：seem,appear,look“证明是”：prove随堂练习：改错1.Hi
24、s English is very well.2.Be carefully.3.You will feel badly if you are lack of sleep.4.I afraid he wont come tomorrow.5.Going to bed and getting to early will make you keep health.三连接词引导表语从句的词有从属连词 that、whether；关系代词 who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever 等；关系副词 when,where,why,
25、how,however,whenever,wherever 等由从属连词 that，whether,because 引导的表语从句,that 在引导表语从句时无词义，而 whether 有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如 question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。如：The trouble is that we are short of moneythat we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。T
26、he question is whether we need more ice creamwhether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。注：because 也可以引导表语从句，但不能和 reason 一起出现。如：Im a little bit sleepy.Its because I stayed up late last night.我有点困了。这是因为我昨天晚上熬夜了。关系代词 who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever 等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语
27、，关系代词不能省略 如：The question is which of us should gowhich of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。The problem was who could do the workwho could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。Thats what we should dowhat we should do.那是我们应该做的。由关系副词 when，why，where，how 引导的表语从句。如：That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New
28、England fields why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。注：as if,as though（好像、似乎）也可以引导表语从句,一般跟在特定动词后面，如 seem,appear,look,sound,taste,feel 等。as if,as though 引导的表语从句，可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，根据后面的内容来判断。如：It sounds as if you are from Hongkong.听起来你好像来自中国香港。（真实）It
29、 looks as if he were from the Moon.他看起来好像来自月球。（虚拟）随堂练习：单选1The reason he didnt come was he was ill.Awhy；that Bthat；why Cfor that；that Dfor which；what2I wont get good grades I study hard.Thats everyone is trying his best to study for the exam.Auntil;why Bunless;when Cunless;why Duntil;when3The little
30、child cant find his mother.Thats he is crying on the street.Awhy Bbecause Chow Dwhere4I cant understand you said.Thats you didnt listen to me carefully.Athat,because Bwhat,why Cwhich,why Dwhat,because5Lucy is an interesting girl.Thats they all like her.Awhen Bwhat Cwhy Dwhere6Michael Jordan has fail
31、ed over and over again in his lifeAnd thats he succeedsAwhat Bwhen Cwhy Dwhere7He is the soccer team.Thats he plays soccer better than us.Aat;because Bin;why Con;why Din;because8Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which is he never finishes anything.AThat Bwhen Cwhere Dwhy9 your father wants
32、to know is getting on with your studies.AWhat;how are you BThat;how you are CHow;that you are DWhat;how you are10Lucy is an interesting girl.Thats they all like her.Awhen Bwhat Cwhy Dwhere 宾语从句一在复合句中，作宾语的句子称为宾语从句如：He said that he wanted to go to town.他说他想去城里。二连接词：从属连词 that whether、if，关系代词 what,who,w
33、hose,which 和关系副词 when、where、how、whythat 引导的宾语从句，that 可省略，无意义，不作成分。如：I believe(that)she will succeed.我相信她会成功whether/if 引导的宾语从句，whether/if 不作成分，含“是否”之意，不可省略。如：Nobody knows whether/if she likes this present.没人知道她喜不喜欢这份礼物。注：只用 whether 不用 if 的情况：（1）介词+whether：It depends on whether it will rain next week.
34、（2）whether.or not.：I want to know whether its harmful or not.（3）whether to do：I cant decide whether to pick.关系代词 what,who,whose,which 引导的宾语从句如：I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。关系副词 when、where、how、why 引导的宾语从句 如：Most of the Chinese people usually go to
35、 work on the bike except when it rains.除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班。随堂练习：根据句意用 that,if 或 whether 完成句子。1.Helen doesnt know _ _ to stay here or not.2.-What did the shopkeeper say to you?-She asked me _ _ I preferred that T-shirt.3.-I am looking forward to watching the show.-Me,too.I believe _ _ itll be fantas
36、tic.4.Before you throw away something,always think about it can be reused or not.5.I hope our school trip will be great.6.Im worrying about Ill be late for class.三用宾语从句的三种情况：动宾、形宾、介宾谓语动词后接宾从：I have found(动词)that she did well in school(宾从).介词后接宾从：It depends on(介词)whether itll rain today(宾从).形容词后接宾从：I
37、m glad(形容词)that you came(宾从).（这些形容词一般是 sure certain pleased happy afraid surprised sorry willing 等表示情感的形容词）四that 引导宾语从句的省略（1）主句谓语动词是 agree,argue,hold,learn,observe,state,suggest 等时，其后宾语从句的引导词 that 一般不可省略；主句谓语动词是 hear,know,say,see,consider,understand 等时，其后宾语从句的引导词 that 可以省略，也可以不省略；主句谓语动词是 think,suppo
38、se,believe,dare say 等时，其后宾语从句的引导词 that 可以省略。如：He suggested that we should set off at 8 oclock tomorrow morning.他建议我们明天早晨 8 点走。(that 不可省略)I think(that)this is very important.我认为这很重要。(that 可省略)（2）当一个句子很复杂，句中有多个状语时，that 不可省略；或者一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时，特别第一个宾语从句特别长，后面的宾语从句的 that 不可省略；谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语时，that 不可
39、省去。He said you neednt worry and that he would help you.他说你没有必要着急，他会帮助你的。（said 之后可省去 that，但第二个 that 不可省去）五宾语从句不能省略 that 的情况：有两个或两个以上的由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可以省去，后面的都不可以省。如：She said(that)she liked the actress so much and that she wanted to take a photo with her.她说她很喜欢这个女演员，想跟她合影。that 从句中又有其他从句，且该从句位
40、于主句之前时。如：Aunt Liu understands that unless she arrives at the station on time,shell have to book another ticket.刘阿姨明白，除非她按时到达车站，否则她就得再订一张票。it 作形式宾语时，that 不可省略。如：I think it necessary that he should apologize to you.我认为他有必要向你道歉。当宾语从句的主语是 that，this 或者被 that，this 修饰时。如：I want to tell you that this kind o
41、f disease is very common.我想告诉你，这种疾病很常见。当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。如：I want to tell you(间接宾语)that this problem is very common(直接宾语)我想告诉你，这种疾病很常见。六否定转移如果主句的谓语动词是“think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,reckon,imagine 等，主语是第一人称的一般现在时态，其后的宾语从句如含有否定意义，一定要把否定词一道主句谓语上，从句谓语动词用肯定形式。如：I dont think he can do i
42、t better than me.我想他不会比我干得好。I dont believe he treated the child like that.我相信他不会那样对待孩子的。如果 think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,reckon,imagine 等前有副词或表示强调的 do,does,did；或者同其它词构成并列谓语；或者不以现在时出现；或者用作插入语中。这时候不用否定转移。如：I really expect she didnt say that to him.我确实希望她不和他说那件事。I think and hope tha
43、t he wont be deceived by the man.我认为也希望他不会被那个人欺骗。七时态的呼应与语序，在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则：（1）如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。如：Do you know who he was talking with at eight last nightwho he was talking with at eight last night？你知道他昨晚和谁一起说话吗？（2）如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态。如：He said he would c
44、ome to see us the next day.他说他明天将来看我们。（3）如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。如：The teacher said the sun rises in the eastthe sun rises in the east老师说太阳从东方升起。随堂练习1.I dont know _ he will come or not.A.if B.whether C.that D.what2.She wonders _ he is doing now.A.what B.that C.if D.whether3.Can you
45、tell me _ you like this book?A.if B.that C.whether D.what4.I think _ he is a good student.A.if B.that C.whether D.what5.He said _ he had been to Shanghai before.A.if B.that C.whether D.what6.Im not sure _ she will come to the party.A.if B.that C.whether D.what7.The teacher asked me _ I had finished
46、my homework.A.if B.that C.whether D.what8.We dont believe _ he can pass the exam.A.if B.that C.whether D.what9.It depends on _ you can help me.A.if B.that C.whether D.what10.I dont suppose _ he will come on time.A.if B.that C.whether D.what11.Please tell me _ is wrong with the machine.A.what B.that
47、C.if D.whether12.He doesnt know _ to do next.A.what B.that C.if D.whether13.I dont think _ she is right.A.if B.that C.whether D.what14.The doctor asked me _ I felt better.A.if B.that C.whether D.what15.We want to know _ the earth moves around the sun.A.if B.that C.whether D.what16.She said _ she wou
48、ld come back soon.A.if B.that C.whether D.what17.I dont know _ he will come tomorrow.A.if B.that C.whether D.what18.They asked me _ I had seen the film.A.if B.that C.whether D.what19.Do you know _ he is looking for?A.if B.that C.whether D.what20.The boy wonders _ the moon goes around the earth.A.if
49、B.that C.whether D.what同位语从句一跟在名词后面起解释说明作用的从句（不缺成分）如：It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.吸烟危害健康，这是事实。二连接词：连词 that，whether；还有关系代词 what,which,who；关系副词 how，when，where，why连词 that，whether 引导的同位语从句（不能用 if 引导同位语从句）如：The fact that we lack enough phonesthat we lack enough phones needs to be consi
50、dered.我们缺少足够的电话这一事实需要加以考虑。The question of whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.这个是对还是错要看结果。注：在 suggestion,advice,request,order 等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的 should 可以省略。如：Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.关系代词 what,which,who 引导的同位
