1、非谓语动词复习复习review:非谓语三字经一句话,已有谓,给动词,填非谓, 非谓语,看主被,主动doing,被动done, 不定式,表目的,表将来,表原因,表结果。 固定短语去掉be。非谓语包括不定式,动名词和过去分词doing(表主动,进行)done(表被动,完成)having been done(表被动且完成)to do/ to be done(表将来)测试 说出以下的区别1. be done2. have done3. be doing4. be being done5. done6. being done7. having done8. having been done填空:_ (t
2、ell) many times, I couldnt understand his meaning.1. 考情分析题型考情统计语法填空、改错年份卷别现在分词动名词考点2024新高考I卷engineering作定语2023新高考卷wanting作宾补新高考II卷visiting作定语全国甲卷borrowingwarning作状语、宾语全国乙卷Having visitedrecording作状语、宾语2022新高考I卷Covering作状语新高考II卷falling作定语全国甲卷 planningstaying(改错)作状语全国乙卷invitingcausing(改错)作状语、时态l 2.必备知识
3、非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。非谓语动词作定语知识点1动词不定式作定语(1)表示将来的动作时。根据需要不定式可用主动或被动形式。例: I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了一些假期读的书。 The car to be bought is for his sister要买的那辆车是给他姐姐的。(2)序数词, 形容词最高级 ,the last , the
4、 only + n. +to do (后置定语)例:He is the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。(3)被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。不定式与被修饰词之间是同位关系,不定式说明被修饰的名词的内容。常见的此类名词有ability,chance, idea, right, evidence, attempt, plan, way, reason , opportunity, time,wish,promise,excuse 等。例 1 want to have a chance to further my
5、study abroad. 我想得到一次去国外进修的机会。(4)动词不定式作定语时通常放在被修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。动词不定式与被修饰词之间往往是动宾关系;若该不定式是不及物的,其后应该加上相应的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldnt find any paper to write on.(2023新高考I卷) To eat one, you have to decide whether _(bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and riskin
6、g a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:吃小笼包的时候,你必须要决定是先咬一个小口流出汤汁,还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里,让热汤在舌头上爆炸。decide to do sth.“决定做某事”,用不定式作宾语,空处与后面to put并列作宾语,故填to bite。(2024年新高考I卷) These sepals(萼片, 花萼) open on warm days _ (give) the inside p
7、lants sunshine and fresh air.解析: 考查非谓语动词。句意:温室在温暖的日子里开放,为内部植物提供阳光和通风。use sth. to do sth.为固定搭配,表示“使用某物去做某事”,故填to give。(2024年新高考II卷) visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed _ (find) the connection between the two great writers. 解析: 考查非谓语动词。句意:游客们穿过故居花园时,常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。非谓语动词
8、担当形容词“amazed”后的原因状语,用动词不定式形式。故填to find。(2024年浙江卷1月) However, if youre shopping for one, buying extra _ (benefit) from price reductions doesnt make sense. 解析: 考查动词不定式。句意:然而,如果你是想买一件,那么多买一件来享受降价是没有意义的。根据“buying extra”和“from price reductions”可知,此处是指多买一件来享受降价,所以应用to do不定式作目的状语。故填to benefit。(2024年全国甲卷) A
9、lthough parks of all sizes and types exist at any level the national parks, in particular, tend _(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. 解析: 考查非谓语动词。句意:尽管村子任何层级的各种规模和类型的公园,但特别是国家公园,由于其规模大、种类多,往往会引起我们的注意。固定搭配:tend to do sth.,表示“倾向于做某事”,不定式作宾语,故填to catch。知识点2动词ing作定语(动词ing形式作定语时
10、,与被修饰的名词之间通常是主动关系,表示主动和进行)1. 动词ing作定语时可表示动作正在进行和被修饰词的一般特征,被修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语;如果构成动词ing的动词与所修饰的名词是主谓关系,现在分词用主动形式,如果构成动词ing的动词与所修饰的名词是动宾关系则用被动形式。They are visitors coming from several countries(后置定语).他们是来自几个国家的游客。The film being shown in the cinema(后置定语) is exciting.正在电影院上映的那部电影很令人激动。2. 动词ing(短语)作定语时的位置 :
11、 单个的现在分词一般放在被修饰词的前面 ; 现在分词短语则放在被修饰词的后面。The sleeping baby is my nephew.正在睡觉的婴儿是我的外甥。The girl standing there is my sister.站在那边的那个女孩是我的妹妹。例题:(2024年新高考I卷) The latest _ (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.解析: 考查非谓语。engineer作动词表示“色痕迹,建造”,
12、用其非谓语形式作定语。句意:最新的工程技术被用来创造一个同样美丽的保护功能结构。根据句意可知,空处考查短语engineering techniques,意为“工程技术”,符合句意。故填engineering。知识点3过去分词作定语1. 单个动词ed形式作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词前面;动词ed形式短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词后面。2. 动词ed形式作定语时,与被修饰的名词之间通常是被动关系,表示被动和完成。3. 也有一些动词ed形式作定语只表示完成,不表示被动,如: a fallen tree/ leaf 倒下的树、落叶 the risen sun/moon 升起的太阳、月亮 a fa
13、ded rose 凋谢的玫瑰花 a retired worker 退休工人 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 a returned student 归国留学练习: (2024年新高考II卷) Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, _ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes walk from Shakespeares birthplace. 解析: 考查非谓语动词。句意:两年后,一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成,该花
14、园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程,其灵感来自牡丹亭。非谓语动词担当后置定语,被修饰词“a six-meter-tall pavilion”和动词“inspire”之间为被动关系,用过去分词形式。故填inspired。(2024年浙江卷1月) Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs _ (design) with two halves containing separate portions. 解析: 考查过去分词。句意:在过去的两年里,一些超市开始销售鸡
15、肉或沙拉包装,设计成两半,拆分成两份。动词design意为“设计”,和谓语之间没有连词,和逻辑主语packs构成被动关系,且动作已完成,所以应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填designed。 非谓语动词作状语知识点1不定式作目的状语表示谓语动作的目的,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to/so as to+动词原形,但 so as to不用于句首。例He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus. = In order to catch the first bus ,he
16、 got up early.为了赶上第一班公共汽车,他起床很早。知识点2不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语时多表示出乎意料的结果,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式,为了表示强调可在不定式前加上 only。例I rushed to the station, only to find the train had already gone.我匆忙赶到火车站,却发现火车已经开走了。知识点3动词ing形式作状语动词ing 形式作结果状语一般表示直接的,自然而然的结果。It rained heavily, causing great damage.大雨滂沱,造成了很大的损害。知识点
17、总结:1. 作状语的动词ing形式的逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致。2. 若动词ing形式表示的动作发生在句子谓语动作之前,则要用动词Ing形式的完成式。(having done)3. 若动词ing形式表示的动作发生在句子谓语动作之前,且动词Ing形式与句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系,则用动词ing形式的完成式的被动形式(having been done)例题:(2024年新高考II卷) _ (recall)watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeares play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chin
18、ese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tangs play was being performed.”解析: 考查非谓语动词。句意:回忆起几年前在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧理查三世的中国版,并遇见前来斯特拉特福德表演牡丹亭部分片段的中国演员时,Edmondson说:“听到中文,看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何被表演的
19、,非常激动人心。”非谓语动词担当状语,主语“Edmondson”和动词“recall”之间为主动关系,用现在分词形式担当状语;出现在句首,首字母大写。故填Recalling。 非谓语动词作补语知识点1动词不定式作补语不定式作补语时有两种情况:(1)带to的不定式作补语。动词allow, order, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise,persuade, wam等之后跟带to的不定式作补语,形式为动词+宾语+宾补(不定式)或动词(被动)+主补(不定式)。例He didnt allow us to smoke in his room.他不允许我们在他
20、的房间里吸烟。例: As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasnt allowed_(go) into the sports club.答案to go解析allow sb. to do sth.为固定结构,题干用的是该结构的被动形式sb. be allowed to do sth.,不定式在此作主补。(2)不带to的不定式作补语。使役动词(make,have,let 等)及感官动词(see, watch, observe, hear, notice等)后作宾补的不定式不带to。但使役动词和感官动词用于被动语态(let一般不用于被动语态)时,
21、作主补的不定式一定要加上to。例:He made a face and made everybody laugh.他做了一个鬼脸,使得每个人都笑了。例:He was seen to go upstairs.有人见他上楼了。有些动词用于主动语态时其后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,用于被动语态时其后接带to的不定式作主补。我们可用一句话来巧记这些动词:吾看三室两厅一感觉。吾看指5看(look at,watch,see, notice,observe);三室指3使(let,make,have);两厅指2听(listen to,hear);一感觉( feel)。注意:let 一般不用于被动语态。知识
22、点2 动词ing形式作补语能接动词ing形式作补语的有两类动词:(1) 感官动词:see,notice, watch, look at, hear, listen to, find, feel, smell 等。例:He heard the wind blowing outside.他听到外边在刮风。例I felt my heart beating faster.我感到我的心跳得更快了。(2) 使役动词 : keep,get, leave, set, have 等。例 Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.不好意思让你等这么久。例Her j
23、oke set us laughing.她的笑话使我们大笑。知识点3 过去分词作补语过去分词作补语过去分词作宾补既可表示被动又可表示动作已经完成;宾语通常是构成过去分词的动词所表示动作的承受者。过去分词作补语的常见情况:(1)位于feel, find, hear, notice, see,smell,observe等感官动词后作补语。例 He didnt notice his wallet stolen.他没有注意到他的钱包被偷了。例I was sleeping when I heard my name called.听到有人喊我的名字时,我正在睡觉。(2)位于get, have, make,
24、 keep, leave等使役动词后作补语。 They are going to have the house painted white.他们准备把房子刷成白色。不定式作主语、宾语和表语(技巧点拨:表示具体的某次动作,特别是将来发生的动作,多用动词不定式作主语;表示比较抽象的一般行为或者是经常性,习惯性的动作时,多用动词ing形式作主语例子: It is + adj.+ to do sth.)知识点1 不定式作主语不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数;若不定式太长,则用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。例 To say is one thing; to do is another.说是一回事,做是另一回
25、事。例 To talk with him is a great pleasure. It is a great pleasure to talk with him.与他谈话是一件很快乐的事。表示具体的某次动作,特别是将来发生的动作,多用动词不定式作主语;表示比较抽象的一般行为或经常性,习惯性的动作时,多用动词ing形式作主语。It(形式主语) is +adj.+to do sth例句: It took years of work ( reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.解析:考查固定句式: It takes sb. some
26、 time to do sth. 做某事花了某人时间; 不定式短语to reduce the industrial pollution and clean the water是句子真正的主语,前面的It是形式主语.知识点2 不定式作宾语下列动词后只接不定式作宾语而不接动名词作宾语:常见的接动词不定式作宾语的动词有 agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten ,
27、claim, hesitate, wait, happen(碰巧)等。例They managed to finish the work on time.他们设法按时完成了工作。例He failed to paste the poster on the wall.他没能把海报贴到墙上。例 Dont pretend to know what you dont know.不要不懂装懂。例He decided to go abroad for further education.他决定去国外深造。知识点3 不定式作表语 不定式在系动词后作表语,可在主语的内容、将来的动作、命令、建议、事态发展的结果等.
28、例:His job is to write reports for the newspaper . 他的工作是为报纸写报道.例:The problems remain to be unsettled . 问题还没有解决.动词ing形式作主语、宾语和表语知识点1 作主语1. 意义:多表示一般性的,抽象的泛指的动作或状态2. 谓语动词的数:通常用单数形式3. 位置:可用it作形式主语,把真正的主语,即动词ing形式(短语)放在句末,常用固定句型:It is a waste of time doing.It is no use / good doing. It is useless doing .4
29、. 动名词的逻辑主语:形容词性物主代词,名词所有格.知识点2 作宾语下列动词之后接动名词作宾语而不接不定式作宾语: admit(承认),avoid,consider(考虑),escape(避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise,suggest(建议)等。例I often practise listening and speaking.我经常练习听和说。例Do you mind passing me that dictionary?你介意递给我那本词典吗?例All the staff in our company are considering (go) to th
30、e city centre for the fashion show.解析:我们公司的所有员工都在考虑去市中心看时装秀。此处 consider 意为考虑,后接动名词作宾语。答案going过去分词作表语:(2024年新高考I卷) In cold weather , the structure stays _ (close) to protect the plants.解析: 考查过去分词作表语。句意:然后在寒冷的天气里,这个结构保持关闭,以保护亚热带植物。空处用于stays之后作表语,应用形容词closed,表示“紧闭的”,符合题意。故填closed。真题演练1.(2023全国甲卷)“There
31、 was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.【答案】borrowing。【解析】句意:“从前,在美国的中心地带有一个小镇,那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活,”她的寓言是这样开头的,借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中已有谓语动词,所以用非谓语动词
32、形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系,所以用现在分词作状语。故填borrowing。2.(2023新高考I卷)No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left (want) more next time.【答案】wanting【解析】句意:无论我在哪里买,一蒸笼都不够,而两蒸笼又显得太贪心了,所以我总是想下次再买。分析句子可知,此处考查“leave sb+宾语补足语”,本句是被动语态,want是主语补足语,根据句意,I与w
33、ant之间是主动的逻辑关系,用现在分词wanting。故填wanting。3.(2022全国甲卷) He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xian to Kashgar on seat 20, _ (plan) to hike back to Xian in five months.【答案】planning【解析】根据句子结构可知,此处为动词-ing形式作伴随状语,主语 He 和 plan 是逻辑上的主谓关系,因此该空应填planning。 独立主格结构和with复合结构独立主格结构定义:非谓语动词作状语时,通常它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致,但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻
34、辑主语,这种结构我们就称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点:(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语不同,它独立存在(2)独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或者代词与后面的分词或者不定式之间是逻辑上的主动或被动关系(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。 独立主格结构的构成形式:名词、代词 + doing/done/to do With/without + 名词、代词 + doing/done/to do 独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词短语等构成的一种独立结构,用来修饰整个句子。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,
35、常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词,如果有并列连词或从属连词,则用完整的谓语动词形式。1)Weather permitting,they willvisitthe zoo tomorrow.(名词+现在分词)2)The wallspainted white,weall like thembetter.(名词+过去分词)3) He lay on his back,his teeth set,andhis eyes looking straight upward.(名词+过去分词/现在分词)4)Wed betterfirst reach an agre
36、ement on the principle,moredetails to be discussed later.(名词+不定式)5) The largestgroup of subordinate tombsfound inLuoyang, Henan province,all of them over2000 years old.(名词+副词)6)She ran out ofthe room,eyes full of tears.(名词+形容词)7)After killing the guard,heran away,rifle in hand.(名词+介词短语) 介词是in,前后名词均不
37、带任何修饰作用在句子中多作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随行为或补充说明等。如:1)Weather permitting,they willvisitthe zoo tomorrow.(条件)2)The meeting over,everyonewent out of the room.(时间)3)So many comrades being absent,the meeting had to be put off.(原因)4)Shebeing careful enough,such mistakesaremadenow and then.(让步)5)Our teacherentered
38、 the room,a book under his arm.(伴随)6) He wasswimming in the pool,his fatherstanding by the pool.(补充说明)转换同分词短语作状语一样,独立主格结构作状语也可以改为相应的状语从句(伴随状语有时可改为并列谓语)。The job done,we went home.=After the jobhad beendone,we went home.时间So many comrades being absent,the meeting had to be put off.=Because so many com
39、rades were absent,the meeting had to be put off.原因Weather permitting,wellvisit the zootomorrow.=If weather permits,wellvisit the zootomorrow.条件Shebeing careful enough,such mistakesaremadenow and then.=However careful enoughshe is,such mistakesaremadenow and then.让步Our teacherentered the room,a book
40、under his arm.=Our teacherentered the room and had abook under his arm.伴随He wasswimming in the pool,his father standing by the pool.=He wasswimming in the pool,while his father was standing by the pool.补充说明分词的区别1、表示人体部位的词,如hand,foot,face,eyes等作逻辑主语时,及物动词用过去分词,不及物动词用现在分词。如:His teeth set; his right ha
41、nd clenched; his eyes looking; his eyesclosed; his hand raised. . .2、有时现在分词和过去分词均可以用,我们可以说his eyes opened. . .也可说his eyes opening;但意思不同。过去分词表示被动,说明是受外界影响而“睁圆双眼”。而现在分词表示主动,说明是用自身的力量而“睁圆双眼”,其感情色彩就不如用过去分词而来得强烈。细分 独立主格结构主要有以下两种情况:1.名词(代词)+ 分词/不定式(分词、不定式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,如果不一致时,则分词、不定式需要带有自己的逻辑主语,构成
42、独立主格结构。此结构在句中起原因、方式、时间、条件、伴随状语从句的作用。)名词/代词+doing(表主动,进行)名词/代词+done(表被动,完成)名词/代词+having been done(表被动且完成)名词/代词+to do/ to be done(表将来)例句:Weather permitting(=If weather permits), well go out for a walk. 如果天气允许,我们将出去散散步。The boys rushed out, each carrying a schoolbag (=and each was carrying a schoolbag).
43、孩子们跑了出来,每人背着一个书包。More time given (=If more time is given),we will do it better.如果多给些时间,我们会做得更好。Homework(having been)finished(=After homework had been finished),the boy went out to play. 做完作业后,这个男孩出去玩了。The exam to be held tomorrow(=Because the exam will be held tomorrow), I cant go to the cinema toni
44、ght.由于明天要考试,我今夜不能去看电影。2.名词(代词)+ 形容词/副词/名词/介词短语So many people absent (=Because so many people were absent), the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。The meeting over (=After the meeting was over) , they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them childre
45、n(=and many of them were children).两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。The boy went to the classroom, book in hand(=and a book was in his hand). 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。二 With/without复合结构“with / without + 名词/代词宾格 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语” 的作用相当于独立主格短语,在句中可作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随等状语。另外,此结构还可作后置定语,修饰其前的名词。with复合结构也是一种独立主格结构,用法同独立主格结构。主要有以下两种
46、情况:1.with+名词(代词)+ 分词/不定式with+名词/代词+doing(表主动,进行)with+名词/代词+done(表被动,完成) with+名词/代词+to do(表将来)With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding the address. 由小男孩带路,找到这个地方我们没有困难。The thief was brought to the front with his hand tied behind. 小偷被带到前面,双手被捆在后面。With nothing to do, he went out for a walk. 由于没有什么事情可做,他便到外面散步去了。2. with+名词(代词)+ 形容词/副词/介词短语He fell asleep wit