1、.1The Skull李文春李文春 教授教授 Department of AnatomyHubei University of Medicine.【目的和要求目的和要求】1掌握颅的组成、脑颅和面颅各骨的名掌握颅的组成、脑颅和面颅各骨的名称；颅整体观的重要结构（颅底内面的主要结称；颅整体观的重要结构（颅底内面的主要结构，颅侧面的主要结构，眶、骨性鼻腔的形态构，颅侧面的主要结构，眶、骨性鼻腔的形态特征，鼻旁窦的名称、位置及开口）。特征，鼻旁窦的名称、位置及开口）。2熟悉脑颅和面颅各骨的形态结构。熟悉脑颅和面颅各骨的形态结构。3了解新生儿颅的特征及其生后变化了解新生儿颅的特征及其生后变化。.面面部部
2、的的年年龄龄变变化化 .The skull 颅颅 The skull contains 23 bones.The skull is divided into two parts:cerebral cranium（脑颅）脑颅）and facial cranium(面颅面颅).frontal bone额骨额骨 ethmoid bone筛骨筛骨 Unpaired sphenoid bone蝶骨蝶骨 occipital bone枕骨枕骨 parietal bone顶骨顶骨 paired temporal bone颞骨颞骨(一）一）The cerebral cranium The cerebral cr
3、anium consists of eight cranial bones.maxillae上颌骨上颌骨 palatine bone 腭骨腭骨 paired zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨 bones nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨 lacrimal bone泪骨泪骨 inferior nasal conchae下鼻甲下鼻甲 vomer 犁骨犁骨Unpaired mandible下颌骨下颌骨 bones hyoid bone 舌骨舌骨(二）二）The facial cranium The facial cranium are fifteen in number.(二）二）The fac
4、ial cranium 1.The mandible 2.The hyoid boneangle of mandible.长方脸长方脸圆脸圆脸方脸方脸瓜子脸瓜子脸下颌角与面型的下颌角与面型的关系关系按流行的分类方按流行的分类方法，中国人的脸法，中国人的脸形可分为方脸、形可分为方脸、圆脸、长方脸、圆脸、长方脸、长圆脸，其中以长圆脸，其中以长圆脸俗称瓜子长圆脸俗称瓜子脸最受青睐。脸最受青睐。.芳龄芳龄2424岁的岁的林小姐下颌角向林小姐下颌角向外膨隆，形成一外膨隆，形成一典型的国字脸。典型的国字脸。这张脸要是男子这张脸要是男子汉倒能显出几分汉倒能显出几分粗犷，几分威严，粗犷，几分威严，但却给爱美的
5、林但却给爱美的林小姐凭添无数烦小姐凭添无数烦恼。恼。怎么办呀！怎么办呀！.短脸、方脸通过整形可以变成漂亮的瓜子脸。短脸、方脸通过整形可以变成漂亮的瓜子脸。.下颌角肥大矫正术下颌角肥大矫正术.12世界首例世界首例3D打印下颌移植手术打印下颌移植手术技术人员可根据移植患者的具体需求来技术人员可根据移植患者的具体需求来设计骨骼部件的效果图，然后利用高精设计骨骼部件的效果图，然后利用高精度的镭射枪来熔解钛粉，并将它们一层度的镭射枪来熔解钛粉，并将它们一层层地喷涂叠加起来，最终形成一个立体层地喷涂叠加起来，最终形成一个立体的人造骨骼部件成品。的人造骨骼部件成品。通过通过3D3D立体打印技术制作人造骨骼立
6、体打印技术制作人造骨骼对于医疗移植技术的未来发展来说对于医疗移植技术的未来发展来说是至关重要的，因为它可以贴合各是至关重要的，因为它可以贴合各种需求制作出复杂精细的骨骼或软种需求制作出复杂精细的骨骼或软组织构造，提高移植手术的速度和组织构造，提高移植手术的速度和成功率。成功率。.(三）三）The skull as a whole 颅的整体观颅的整体观 1.The superior aspect of the skull coronal suture冠状缝冠状缝 sagittal suture矢状缝矢状缝 lambdoid suture人字缝人字缝 The skull is generally
7、ovoid when from above,and is wider behind than in front.It formed by four cranial bones.2.The posterior aspect of the skull The most outstanding feature of the occipital bone is external occipital protuberance枕外隆凸枕外隆凸.The ridge骨嵴骨嵴 passing on each side laterally of the protuberance is the superior n
8、uchal line上项线上项线.3.The internal surface of the base of skull It is divided into three fossa.These are the anterior,the middle and the posterior cranial fossa.frontal crest额嵴额嵴 foramen cecum盲孔盲孔 crista galli 鸡冠鸡冠 cribriform plat 筛板筛板 cribriform foramina筛孔筛孔 (1)The anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝颅前窝.In the
9、 center is the hypophysial fossa 垂体窝垂体窝.In front of the hypophysial fossa is the optic canal 视神经管视神经管.Lateral to the hypophysial fossa is the carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟颈动脉沟.There are a series of foramina in the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa:foramen rotundum 圆孔圆孔,foramen ovale 卵圆孔卵圆孔 foramen s
10、pinosum 棘孔棘孔 (2)The middle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝.It is the largest and deepest of the three cranial fossa.The lowest part of the fossa presents the foramen magnum枕骨大孔，枕骨大孔，There are hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口舌下神经管内口 above the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum.(3)The posterior cranial fossa.Be
11、hind the foramen magnum,there are the internal occipital protuberance枕内隆凸枕内隆凸,sulcus for transverse sinus横窦沟横窦沟,sulcus for sigmoid sinus乙状窦沟乙状窦沟,jugular foramen颈静脉孔颈静脉孔.internal acoustic pore 内耳门内耳门.Crista galli 鸡冠鸡冠Cribriform plate 筛板筛板Cribriform foramen 筛孔筛孔Hypophysial fossa 垂体窝垂体窝Optic canal 视神经管
12、视神经管Dorsum sellae鞍背鞍背Superior orbital fissure眶上裂眶上裂Foramen lacerum破裂孔破裂孔Foramen ovale卵圆孔卵圆孔Foramen spinosum棘孔棘孔Trigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹三叉神经压迹Foramen rotundum 圆孔圆孔.Foramen magnum 枕骨大孔枕骨大孔Hypoglssal canal 舌下舌下神经管神经管内口内口Sulcus for transverse sinum横窦沟横窦沟 Sulcus for sigmoid sinus乙状窦乙状窦沟沟Jugular foram
13、en 颈静脉颈静脉孔孔Internal acoustic pore 内耳门内耳门Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝颅后窝Internal occipital protuberance 枕枕内隆凸内隆凸Clivus 斜坡斜坡.4.The external surface of the base of skull incisive foramen 切牙孔切牙孔 greater palatine foramen腭大孔腭大孔 posterior nasal apertures鼻后孔鼻后孔 occipital condyle 枕髁枕髁 hypoglossal canal舌下神经管外口
14、舌下神经管外口 jugular foramen 颈静脉孔颈静脉孔 styloid process 茎突茎突 stylomastiod foramen 茎乳孔茎乳孔.5.The lateral view of skull external acoustic pore外耳门外耳门 mastoid process 乳突乳突 zygomatic arch 颧弓颧弓 temporal fossa 颞窝颞窝 infratemporal fossa 颞下窝颞下窝 .pterion：in the temporal fossa,the area,where the four bones,frontal,pari
15、etal,temporal and sphenoid,is known as pterion 翼点翼点.(p)tirin.翼点翼点硬膜外血肿硬膜外血肿.26颅内血肿微创穿刺引流术颅内血肿微创穿刺引流术.6.The front view of skull(1)the forehead 额区额区 superciliary arch 眉弓眉弓.(2)the orbits 眶眶 orbital opening 眶口眶口 supraorbital foramen(notch)眶上孔眶上孔 infraorbital foramen眶下孔眶下孔 orbital apex:optic canal 视神视神经管
16、口经管口 superior wall:lacrimal fossa泪腺窝泪腺窝.medial wall:lacrimal sac fossa泪囊窝泪囊窝,nasolacrimal canal 鼻泪管鼻泪管 inferior wall:infraorbital fissure 眶下裂眶下裂 lateral wall:supraorbital fissure 眶上裂眶上裂.(3)the bony nasal cavity nasal septem 鼻中隔鼻中隔 superior middle conchae甲甲 inferior superior middle meatus道道 inferior
17、sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝蝶筛隐窝.(4)the paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦鼻旁窦 the frontal 额额 sinuses the ethmoidal 筛筛sinuses the sphenoidal 蝶蝶sinuses the maxillary上颌上颌 sinuses (5)the oral cavity 骨性口腔骨性口腔 .(四）四）The skull at birth（自学）（自学）anterior fontanelleposterior fontanelle.Question The skull is divided into two parts:cerebral cranium and facial cranium 1What are the two parts of the skull？frontal额骨额骨 ethmoid筛骨筛骨 sphenoid蝶骨蝶骨 occipital枕骨枕骨parietal顶骨顶骨 temporal颞骨颞骨2 2What are the eight bones of the cerebral cranium？.Summary.Thats all for today,
