1、Unit 4 Space ExplorationDiscovering Useful StructuresInfinitivesInfinitives不定式由不定式由“to+do(动词原形动词原形)”构成构成,其其否定形式是否定形式是“not to do”,不定式可以带宾不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数没有人称和数的变化的变化,但有时态和语态的变化但有时态和语态的变化。The definition of infinitive I am glad to see you.He has decided to give her some money.表示的动作通
2、常与谓语所表示的动作表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作 或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是 在它之后发生。在它之后发生。I am very glad to be working with you.He pretended to be working hardwhen his boss passed him.表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。作同时发生。He happened to have seen the film before.The novel is believed to have been translated i
3、nto Chinese.不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。或状态之前。主动语态主动语态 to do 被动语态被动语态 to be doneIt is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.Everyone likes the hero to be praised.Functions of infinitivesFunctions of infinitivesFunctions of infinitivesFunctions of infinitivesTo live abroad is
4、not easy.She planned to visit her parents next week.To see is to believe.The first person to come is Mr.Brown.He went to France to learn French.His father encouraged him to find a new job.主语宾语表语定语宾补状语Step 1 Lead-in不不定定式式是是_的的一一种种,在在句句中中不不能能独独立立作作_。可以作可以作_。非谓语非谓语谓语谓语主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状
5、语定语、状语1用所给词的适当形式填空I am honoured _(deliver)a speech at the opening ceremony on behalf of our schoolThe question _(discuss)tomorrow is about the pollution.The book is said to _(translate)into four languages so farThe little boy pretended _(read)the book when his teacher entered the classroomto deliver
6、to be discussedhave been translatedto be readingStep 3 Studying the rules动词不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，动词不定式和它所修饰的词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系、主谓关系、动状关系或同位关系。动词不定式通常要放在这些被修饰词的后面。常指_ 的动作。1.Infinitives as attributes1.I have no desire to write.2.The Smiths were the first to arrive.3.There was nothing to be done.4.I have a lot to s
7、ay.5.I have no idea where to go.6.The conference to take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance.尚未发生尚未发生只能用动词不定式做定语的情况例：例：1.Please make an effort to catch the bus.2.He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow.1.当修饰的名词是当修饰的名词是ability,ambition,attempt,chance,courage,desire,decision,eff
8、ort,failure,moment,promise,right,time,wish（一些表示企图、努力、（一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词）愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词）只能用动词不定式做定语的情况2.当修饰的名词前有当修饰的名词前有the only,the next,the best,the first,the last,以及由以及由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常用不定式作定语。常常用不定式作定语。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games她是第一位在
9、奥运会上获得金牌的女性。只能用动词不定式做定语的情况1.Do you have anything to say?2.There is nothing to worry about.3.I want to get something to drink.3.当修饰的词为当修饰的词为something,nothing,anything等等不定代词不定代词时。时。stop to do sth.停下来去做某事停下来去做某事 doing sth.停止做某事停止做某事forget to do sth.忘记去做某事忘记去做某事 doing sth.忘记已做了某事忘记已做了某事remember to do st
10、h.记得去做某事记得去做某事 doing sth.记得曾经做某事记得曾经做某事Something worth your attention2单句语法填空In many homes in the UK,the first person _(wake)up has to make tea for the familyThe airport _(complete)next year will help promote tourism in this areaThe best way _(improve)your English is to join an English clubCarol was
11、happy that she had the chance _(experience)the life in the cityThese courses offer us opportunities_(improve)our abilities to appreciate artto waketo be completedto improveto experienceto improveThe Infinitive as the adverbial(动词不定式动词不定式用作用作状语状语)1.目的状语目的状语 He came here to attend an important meeting
12、.他来这儿参加一个重要的会议。他来这儿参加一个重要的会议。He laid down his life to save the child.他为了救这个孩子献出了生命。他为了救这个孩子献出了生命。He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.他喊了一声，挥了挥手，以引起注意。他喊了一声，挥了挥手，以引起注意。Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我会记下他的电话号码，以免忘记。我会记下他的电话号码，以免忘记。有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可
13、以用in order(not)to do，和，和so as(not)to do结构（结构（so as to do不可以置于句首）。不可以置于句首）。2.结果状语结果状语 He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.他到家发现他的老朋友乔治在等他。他到家发现他的老朋友乔治在等他。What have I said to make you so exc
14、ited?我说了什么使你这么激动我说了什么使你这么激动?不定式作结果状语常与不定式作结果状语常与learn,find,see,hear,make等动词连用。等动词连用。She was so angry as to be unable to speak.她气得连话都说不出来。她气得连话都说不出来。The boy is old enough to take care of himself.这个男孩够大了，可以自己照顾自己。这个男孩够大了，可以自己照顾自己。He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.他匆匆忙忙赶到火车站，结果却
15、发现火车已经走了。他匆匆忙忙赶到火车站，结果却发现火车已经走了。Im too tired to stay up longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。我太累了，不能再熬夜了。不定式作结果状语常用于以下句型结构：不定式作结果状语常用于以下句型结构：so/such as to do enough to do only to do(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)too to do3.原因状语原因状语 Im glad to see you.很高兴见到你。很高兴见到你。Sam was very surprised to hear the news.萨姆听到这个消息很吃惊。萨姆
16、听到这个消息很吃惊。I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.我真是个傻瓜，当时不听你的话。我真是个傻瓜，当时不听你的话。How can you catch the train to start so late？要是这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？（表示条件）要是这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？（表示条件）He must be a fool to say so.他那么说可能是个傻瓜。他那么说可能是个傻瓜。You will do well to speak more carefully.要是说得详细的话，你会做得很好的。要是说得详细的话，你
17、会做得很好的。4.条件状语条件状语3单句语法填空_(learn)more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective courseWe travel on Day 2 to northern France _(visit)the World War battlefieldsWhen the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad _(find)them aliveWould you be so kind as_(
18、spare)some time to come and join us?To learnto visitto findto spareSummarize the usages of infinitives as the attribute or the adverbial.adverbial状语attribute定语to do 目的状语:结果状语:enough to(足够做.),too.to(太.而不能),so/such.as to(如此.以至于)多修饰名词常作后置定语往往表示尚未发生的动作普通名词常被序数词、最高级修饰抽象名词常有：dream,desire,chance,hope,promi
19、se,idea,fact,way.to do,in order to(可句首句中),so as to(只能句中)forms1 一般式一般式 2 进行式进行式 3 完成式完成式原因状语:sbbeadj.to do.Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives.In pairs,discuss their functions.1.I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.(作_)2.As we all know,an a
20、stronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.(作_)3.First of all,you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.(作_)4.Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.(作_)目的状语目的状语定语定语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语5.On 12 April 1961,Yuri Gagarin b
21、ecame the first person in the world to go into space.(作_)定语定语P42 EX.1Exercises 2:rewrite the sentences using“in order to/so as to+do”.Change the italicized(斜体斜体)parts accordingly.Textbook P42 2.(2)(4)(5)(6)2.In space,astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use.In spac
22、e,astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use.4.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity,so they need to exercise every day,which will help them stay healthy.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of
23、gravity,so they need to exercise every day to/in order to/so as to stay healthy.5.Astronauts have to use tapes to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.Astronauts have to use tapes to stick everything down while working in space to/in order to/so a
24、s to keep everything from floating off.6.During a spacewalk,astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control.During a spacewalk,astronauts have to move slowly to/in order to/so as to keep their bodies under control.3.Complete the passage with the correct forms of the v
25、erbs in brackets.Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal_(achieve).One of the problems is that the trip would take a very long time.For example,_(use)current technology,it would take over two years _(get)to the closest planet,Mars,and back.Although light i
26、s the fastest thing_(know)in the universe,it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system.Will scientists figure out a way _(store)sufficient food and water for the long journey?Is it possible to travel faster than light?No one knows the answers yet.However,space scientists never give up.They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as _(help)astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space.to achieveusingto getknownto storeto help
