1、.一、时态和语态 过去完成进行时 (had been doing)1. 如何解答时态问题 将来完成进行时 (will have been doing )例 1：Youve already missed too many classes this term. You _ just last week. 例 7：By the time you arrive this evening, _for two hours.A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed A. I will study B. I will have been stud
2、ied例 2：Anne asked Tom _ the key. C. I had studied D. I will have been studying.A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 3. 在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态用一般现在时代替一般将来时考试重点： 例 1：When the mixture_, it will give off a powerful force.2. 与完成时有关的时态 A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heat
3、ed D. has heated现在完成时 (have done) since, for/ in the past few months, up to now 例 例 2：please be sure to telephone me the next time you _.1：Collecting toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. comeA B C D用现在完成时代替将来完成时例 3：
4、Smith is to study medicine as soon as he_ military service.例 2：English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years.A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D. would finishA. has been taught B. was being taught注意：例 4：No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she_ the
5、m. C. has been taught D. had been taught.过去完成时 (had done)例 3：Anne asked Tom _ the key. A. tries B. will try C. are trying D. have triedA. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 4. 考试小窍门例 4：The chemistry class_ for five minutes when we hurried there.考试中如果遇到与完成时态相关的选项，要重点加
6、以研读，一般说来是正确答案。A. had been on B. had begun C. has been on D. would began二、情态动词将来完成时 (will have done) by例 5：Were late I expect the film_ by the time we get to the cinema. 1. 几个情态动词的否定式的含义cantA. had already started B. have already may notC. will already have started D. have already been started. mustnt
7、现在完成进行时 (have been doing) needt例 6：It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put 2. 表示推测的几个情态动词用法must 表示肯定的推测，意思是“一定” it right.A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking.+do 对现在情况的推测 例： I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.must A
8、. had known B. have known C. knew D. would know+have done 对过去情况的推测例： If a better material _, the strength of the part would have been increased.例 1： I _ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night.A. might fall B. must fall C. must have fallen D. can have fallen A.
9、 had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using条件句中的虚拟语气需要注意以下三点： cant/could t 表示否定的推测，意思是“不可能”+do 对现在情况的推测 如果条件句中有 were, had, should 时，可以把 if 省略，然后把这三个单词提前，形成倒装。can t/couldn t+have done 对过去情况的推测 例 3： _ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.
10、may/might not 表示可能性很小的推测，意思是“也 许 ”A. If he took B. if he should take+do 对现在情况的推测 C. Were he to take D. Had he takenmay/might+have done 对过去情况的推测含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用3. 情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法三级考试中经常出现的三个句型：But for/without ， needn t have done , otherwise/or should have done , but/though .should not have done 例： But f
11、or your help, I _ the work in time.ought to have done A. did not finish B. could not finishcould have done A. will not finish D. would not have finished例： Without electricity, human life _ quite different today.4. 考试小窍门 A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be在遇到情态动词加完成时和情态动词加原形同时出现的情况下，一般说来情
12、态动词加完成时是正确答例： He was very busy yesterday; otherwise he_ to the meeting.案。 Must doA. would have come B. would come C. could come D. had come Must have done例： We would have made a lot of money, but we halfway三、虚拟语气A. gave up B. had given up C.would give up D. were to give up赵文通考试重点：错综时间条件句1. 条件句中的虚拟语气
13、 例： If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night.使用不带to 的不定式 2. (should )+动词原形在某些从句中的应用1)当宾语从句从的谓语是suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange等动 1)why not do 表示委婉的建议词时 ,如 : 例： Why not_Professor Li for help He is kind-hearted and willing to help.例： I sugg
14、ested that we should go there on foot.注意 :当 insist 表示坚持认为之意时 , 不用虚拟语气 ,用陈述语气 . 如 :A. ask B. you ask C. to ask D. your asking例： The man insisted that he had never stolen the money 2)使役动词 have, make, let 的后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省to 的不定式。2) It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的
15、主语从句中例： The teacher has the students _ a composition every other week.例： It is desired that we should get everything ready tonight 3) advice, idea, order, plan, demand,proposal, suggestion, request等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中 .如: A. to write B. written C. writing D. write例： While he was climbing the high mount
16、ain, he had his leg_例： My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this eveningA. broke B. break C. broken D. breaking 例： There was so much noise that the speaker couldn t make himself_5. wish 后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气6. if only 引导的感叹句中7. as if/as though 引导的状语从句中 A. hearing B. being told C. to hear D. heard
17、8. would rather 后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式9. it is (high) time that .句型中 , 从句的谓语动词用过去式 3)表示生理感觉的动词如 see, watch, notice, observe, hear 后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省to 的不定式。四、非谓语动词例： With tears on her face, the old lady watched the little boy_ to a hospital.2. 不定式不定式的逻辑主语A. send B. to be sent C. being sent D. sending例： The
18、 road is wild enough for cars to pass by. 4)do something but/except do例： It is important for you to work hard. 例： There is nothing we can do _ wait.例： It is kind of you to help me. A. but B. rather than C. in spite of C. besides.5)记住下列不带to 的短语不定式的时态和语态can t but例： The magnificent museum is said _ abo
19、ut a hundred years ago. can t help buthad betterA. to be built B. to have been builtC. to have built D. to have being built 2. 动名词1. 有些动词后面既可以接动名词又可以接不定式，但意思有差异remember 一 就forget no sooner than/regret hardly when/stop scarcely whengo on the momentmean the minute10. 后面跟动名词的固定句式the instanthave trouble
20、/problems/difficult doing something 固定句型feel like It is/has been .since spend/waste doing somethingcan t help 1. 原因状语从句need/deserve/want now thatbe worth in thatwhat about/how about11. 分词 2. 条件状语从句unless分词作表 语as long as独立主格结构provided that例 1：During the discussion, Mr Boyd remained silent when asking
21、 his opinion. 3. 让步状语从句A B C D as例 2：Your experiment reports must be checked with care before_thoughA. handed them in B. them handing in C. being handed in D. handing them in althougheven if例： _ in the air fuels give off heat.even thoughA. T burn B. Burned C. T be burned D. Being burned while五、状语从句w
22、hatever赵文通考试重点： 例 1： If you read the book a second time, and you will probably have quite a different1 时间状语从句 A B C while/ understanding of the events described in it.when/ Das/ 例 2： Hard as he worked, but Mr. Brown couldn t keep the shop properly.until A B C D六、平行结构 He is，after all ，a small child 他
23、毕竟还是个小孩子。and, or, but He failed after all 他终于失败了。比较级 at all 用于否定句时，意为“丝毫；根本” ，用于疑问句时意为“究竟；到底” ，用于条件句时，常译为“当真；实在”。用于肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感（如怀疑或惊奇等） ，意为“竟然”等。例 1：I enjoy eating in good restaurants and to go to the theater afterwards.如：A B C D He doesnt like you at all 他根本不喜欢你。例： It usually takes much less
24、 time to fly from one country to another than traveling by train. Are you going to do it at all ？你究竟做不做这件事？A B C D If you do it at all ，do it well 若你真要做这件事，就得做好。例： The rooms were then empty and most of them have been shut up. I was surprised at his coming at all 他竟然来了，我很惊讶。A B C D in all 意为“总共”，既可放在
25、句首，也可放在句末。如：Prefer 引出的平行结构： There are 25,000 Inuit in all (In all, there are 25,000 Inuit ) 这儿共有 25,000 因努伊特人。Prefer something to something 4、aboard, abroad, board, broadPrefer doing something to doing something aboard 在船（或飞机，车）上。如： I never went aboard a ship.Prefer to do something rather than do so
26、mething abroad 副词，在国外或海外。如： He often goes abroad.Prefer 的特殊用法： board 为动词，上（船，飞机，车） 。如： The passengers are boarding the plane now.Prefer somebody to do something broad 为形容词，宽广的。如： He has very broad shoulders.e.g : I prefer you to speak English in the class. 5、accept, receive1、a number of, the number
27、of accept 接受，receive“接到”，“收到”。如：I received an invitation yesterday, but I didn t accept it. （昨a number of +可数名词，谓语用复数，意为许多，大量的天我收到了一个请柬，但并没有接受邀请。 ）the number of +可数名词，谓语用单数，意为的数目 6、accident, incident, eventaccident 事故。如： a traffic accident （交通事故）2、able, capable, competent incident “附带事件”，在政治上特指引起国际争
28、端或战争的事件，事变。able 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，搭配是 be able to do s.th。如：A cat event “事件”，指特别重要的事件，通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果，也指国家和社会的is able to see in the dark. （猫在黑暗中能看见东西。 ）事件。capable 指满足一般要求的能力，搭配是 be capable of +doing。 7-accurate, correct, exact, precisecompetent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的， 但不是超群的能力。如： A doctor sh
29、ould be accurate准确的， 精确的。 如：Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.（火车站的钟应该是准确的。 ）competent to treat many diseases. （医生应该能治多种病。 ）3、above all；after all；at all; in all correct“正确的”，指符合一定的标准或准则，含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是 incorrect, wrong.above all 意为“尤其是” 、“首先”、“最重要的是” ，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。如：exact“精确的” ，
30、“恰好的”，比“大体上正确”更进一步，表“丝毫不差” 。它的反义词是 inexact。But above all tell me quickly what I have to do 可首先快些告诉我该做什么。after all 意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”，在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如： precise强调“精确” ，“精密”。After all ，your birthday is only two weeks away 毕竟，两周后就是你的生日。 8、accuse, charge, sueaccuse 指责，指控，常与 of 搭配。如： His boss acc
31、used him of carelessness. agree on作“就 取得一致意见”解。例如：charge 常与 with 搭配。如： The police charged the driver with reckless driving. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month sue 常与 for 搭配。如： Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。9、acquire, require, inquire agree
32、to有两层含义和用法：acquire 取得，获得，学到。如： acquire knowledge （获得知识） 其一是 to 作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词原形，作“同意（答应）做某事”解。inquire 打听，询问。如： inquire a person s name（问一个人的姓名） 例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。require 需要。如： We require more help. （我们需要更多的帮助。 ） 其二是 to 作为介词，之后跟表示“计划条件建议等一类的名词或代词” 。例如：They have
33、 a greed to our plan 他们已同意我们的计划。10、 adopt, adapt agree with 作“同意某人的意见” 解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词， 也可跟表示 “意见” 或“说的话”adopt （）收养。 如：Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. （他的名词或从句。例如：们自己没有孩子， 所以决定收养一个小女孩。 ）（） 采纳， 采用， 通过。 如：He adopted our suggestion. He agreed with my opini
34、ons 他同意了我的意见。（他采纳了我们的建议。 ）We agreed with what he said at the meeting 我们同意他在会上讲的话。adopt 与 adapt词形相近，后者的意思是“使适合” ，“改编”等。 16、alive, living, live11、advantage, benefit, profit alive 指虽有死的可能，但仍活着，一般只作表语。advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位，机会或时机。如： He had the advantage of living 可用于人或物，作定语时可前可后。good education.
35、（受过良好的教育对他十分有利。 ） live 只做前置定语，用于动物和个别事物前。profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如 Did you make any profit last year （你去年赚钱了吗？） 17、almost, nearlybenefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如： I get no personal benefit from the business. （我个人从这家 一般说来， almost 比 nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始” 、“完成” （目标）等。企业中并不获益。 ）在 all, every, always 前，两者都可用。如： He is alm
36、ost (nearly) smoking. （他几乎每天抽烟。 ）12、 1affect, effect almost 可同 never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用，而 nearly 却不能。如：Almost no one believed her.affect 影响（动词）。如 Smoking affects health.（几乎没人相信他。 ）effect 效果，影响（名词） 。如： Government policy will not have any effect on us. 18、alone, lonely13、 afford, provide, s
37、upply alone 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语； lonely 表“孤独”，：“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如： When she is left alone, she feels lonely. （剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。 ） 都有“提供，供给”的意思。afford 一般只用于抽象事物。 alone, only 均可表“只有”，但 alone 须置于被修饰词之后， only 往往置于被修饰词前。 如：He aloneprovide 和 supply 意思相同， 两个词都和 with 连用，构成 provide /supply somebody with somethin
38、g (Only he) can remember the story. （只有他才能记起这段经历。 ）的结构。19、altogether, all together14、 ago, before altogether 总计，总共。如： Altogether there are six of us. （我们总计六人。 ）ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前” ，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。 all together 全都在一起。如： We played the game all together. （我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。 ）before 指过去或将来的某时刻“以前” ，也可泛指以前，常
39、和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 20、although; though; as例如， I saw him ten minutes ago.我十分钟之前看到的他。 三者均可表示“尽管；虽然” ，引导让步状语从句。 although 用法较正式，语气较强； though 较常用； as 则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意： He told me that he had seen the film before.他告诉我他以前看过这场电影。15、 agree on； agree to；agree with 状语从句由although, though 或 as引导，主句之前不可有 but,
40、and, so, however 等并列连词，但可有 yet 或 still 等副词。 although 与 though 常可互换。例如： arouse 的意思是“引起，导致” 。Although Though he believes it, yet he will not act 他虽然相信它，但却不肯有所行动。 Black smoke rose from the chimney.as 表示“尽管；虽然” ，只能用于倒装句，即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在 as 之前。 though He is too weak to raise that heavy box.也可这么用。例如：Accide
41、nts usually arise from carelessness .Young as though he is, he knows a lot 他虽然年纪不大，却懂得很多。 A crisis has arisen in their marrige.注意：如果表语是单数名词，要省略 a。例如： Matt s behavior was arousing the interest of the neighbors.Child asthough he is, he can speak two foreign languages 虽然他是个孩子， 但他会说两门外语。 25、as (so) far
42、as; as (so) long asthough 可以放在句末，表示“但是” ， although 却不能。例如： as（so）far as 的意思是“就 而言（所知） ”，as (so) far as sthis concerned 是其中一种具体 用法，意为“就某事而言” ； as (so) long as意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。如：They said they would come; they did not, though 他们说他们会来，可是他们并没有来。although 只用来陈述“事实”，不能表示 “假设”。因此可以说 even though“即使” 以及 as tho
43、ugh As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs “好像 (as if)”，不能说 even although 或 as although。例如：就我所知，一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。I believe you are on duty even though you re in plain clothes 尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在 There is nothing that we cant do so as long as we keep on trying t
44、o do it 值勤。只要我们不断地努力去做，就没有什么事干不成。21、 among, between As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go among 在 中间（三者或三者以上之间） 。如： Our house is hidden among trees.就中国的旅游业而言，需要做的工作还很多。between 在两者之间。如： It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese. 26、as though； even tho
45、ugh； though22、 answer, reply, respond as though（ as if），意为“好像；似乎” ，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如：用作动词，都可表“回答” ，“答复”。 He spoke as though（as if）he had been here before他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。answer 是常用词，后可接 letter（回信），question（回答问题） ， doorbell（开门）， telephone（接 It looks as if （ as though） it is going to rain 看起来好像要下雨。电话）， a
46、dvertisement（应征广告）等。even though（ even if），意为“即使” ，引导让步状语从句。 though 也引导让步状语从句，意 为“虽然”；even though 有退一步设想的意味， 与 though 不同。though 引导的句子所说的是事实， evenreply 较正式，一般只作不及物动词，可与 to 连用。如： He has replied to my letter. （他回答了我信中提的问题。 ）though 引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如：respond 作“回答”解，用得较少，也同 to 搭配。如： He quickly responded t
47、o the question. （他 He will not tell the secret even though （ even if）he knows it即使他知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出很快就回答了问题。 ） 来。另外， respond 还可表“对 反应” ，“响应”。 He will not tell the secret though he knows it 他虽然知道这个秘密，但他不会说出来。23、 approve, prove 27、assure, ensure, insureapprove（ 1）赞成，同意。如： I don t approve of wasting time. （我不赞成浪费时间。 ） assure的意思是“使（某人）确信” ，一般用作： assure sb. of
