1、LOGOMarxismCompany LogoMarxist Marxist TheoriesTheoriesuBrief IntroductionBrief IntroductionuDevelopmentDevelopmentuMain IdeasMain IdeasuSchools of Schools of ThoughtsThoughtsMarxismMarxist Literary Marxist Literary CriticismCriticismuBrief IntroductionBrief IntroductionuMain IdeasMain IdeasuDevelop
2、mentDevelopmentuRepresentativesRepresentativesuInflenced WritersInflenced Writers Company LogoCompany LogoBrief IntroductionFoundersFounders2 meanings2 meaningsDefinitionDefinitionInfluencesInfluencesKarl Marx&Karl Marx&Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels Scientific Scientific SocialismSocialismNarrow
3、senseNarrow sense Broad sense:Broad sense:An economic An economic&sociopolitical&sociopolitical worldview and worldview and method method A dialectical A dialectical（辩（辩证的）证的）view view An analysis and An analysis and critique critique German German classical classical philosophyphilosophyBritish cla
4、ssical British classical political political economicseconomicsFrench UtopiansFrench UtopiansCompany LogoDevelopmentThe Communist Manifesto1848Preface to the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy1859Capital,how capitalism developed and functioned1867Marxs death,Engels as editor and trans
5、lator1883Company LogoDevelopmentEngels,Origins of the Family,Private Property and the State1884Russian Revolution1917collapse of Marxist regimes,Marxism is dead1980/90Company LogovRussian RevolutionRussian Revolution Arguments over the importance of political leadership and the use of revolutionary
6、state power in creating a socialist(and communist)society never stopped.Since Marx and Engels themselves didnt produce any detailed analysis of such issues,20th century Marxists such as Lenin,Stalin,Mao and Castro added their own perspectives to it.Company LogoSocial classesSocial classesMeans and m
7、ode of productionMeans and mode of production生产资料生产资料,生产方式生产方式Historical materialismHistorical materialism唯物史观唯物史观IdeologyIdeology意识形态意识形态AlienationAlienation异化异化Base and superstructureBase and superstructure经济基础和上层建筑经济基础和上层建筑Main IdeasCompany LogovIdeology Because the ruling class controls the soci
8、etys means of production,the superstructure of society,as well as its ruling ideas,will be determined according to what is in the ruling classs best interests.Marx,the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas,i.e.the class which is the ruling material force of society,is at the
9、same time its ruling intellectual force-The German Ideology vSocial ClassesSocial ClassesProletariatBourgeoisie:wealthy and petitLumpen proletariat:criminals,vagabonds,beggars,etcLandlordsPeasantry and farmersWestern MarxismStructural MarxismNeo-Marxism(Frankfurt School)New-Left MarxsimAnalytical Ma
10、rxismMarxist HumanismPost MarxismMarxism FeminismMarxist Literary CriticismvDefinitionDefinitionMarxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories.Marxist criticism views literary works as reflections of the social institutions from whi
11、ch they originate.According to Marxists,even literature itself is a social institution and has a specific ideological function,based on the background and ideology of the author.Marxist Literary CriticismvMain ideasMain ideasSocial being and consciousness:Social being and consciousness:The social si
12、tuation of the author determines the types of characters that will develop,the political ideas displayed and the economical statements developed in the text.S Superstructure and liuperstructure and literature:terature:Literature may be part of the superstructure,but it is not merely the passive refl
13、ection of the economic base.Elements of the superstructure constantly react back upon and influence the economic baseForm and literature:Form and literature:the truly social element in literature is the form,every definite content determines a form suitable to it&defectiveness of form,arises from de
14、fectiveness of contentvMain ideasMain ideasForm and ideologyForm and ideology:the relationship between form and content is determined by the fact that the new form is discovered,proclaimed and evolved under the pressure of an inner need,of a collective psychological demand which,like everything else
15、.has its social rootsReflectionist theory:Reflectionist theory:how works of lit relate to the real world.True knowledge,is a more profound and comprehensive reflection of objective reality than is given in appearance.art as productionart as production.Writer is the producerCompany LogoDevelopment of
16、 Marxist Criticismliterary creation is a result of both subjective inspiration and the objective influence of the writers surroundingssystematized impetus:1917,October Revolution of Russiachange in belief around socialist idealsocialist realisminterwined with the emerging ideologies of the new Russi
17、an movement and spread throughout the world.1920sSince thenSince thenCompany LogoRepresentatives(Development)Early timeEarly timeVulgar Marxist Vulgar Marxist economic economic determinismdeterminismTwo WWsTwo WWsEffect of the Effect of the superstructuresuperstructureContemporaryContemporaryProsper
18、ityProsperityVarious typesVarious typesEarly timeFeatureFeatureLimited within the formula that economic base determines the superstuctureMain ideasMain ideasLiterature:reflection of the social reality,which is Literature:reflection of the social reality,which is determined directly by economic power
19、determined directly by economic powerRepresentatives:Representatives:Vladimir Maksimovich Friche,Vladimir Maksimovich Friche,CaudwellCaudwellBetween the two World WarsvFeatureFeature Western Marxism was more concerned with the Western Marxism was more concerned with the effect on the economic base b
20、y the effect on the economic base by the superstructuresuperstructurevRepresentatives:Representatives:Georg LukcsGeorg LukcsBertolt BrechtBertolt BrechtThe Frankfurt SchoolThe Frankfurt School uGeorg LukcsGeorg LukcsHistory and Class Consciousness(1923)Contributionsinitiate the current of thought th
21、at came to be known as Western Marxismreconstructing Marxs theory of alienationpropose that great literary works not only represent the dominant ideology at that time,but also criticize the dominant ideologyit is in him that the problem of literary form has been most thoroughly explored.uBertolt Bre
22、chtBertolt BrechtShort Description of a New Technique of Acting which Short Description of a New Technique of Acting which Produces an Alienation EffectProduces an Alienation Effect(1940)ContributionContributionAlienation effect:Alienation effect:Aristotle:universality and unity of the tragical acti
23、on,Brechts:The business of the dramatists is to shock their audience into awareness of social injustice.Aim:jar audience out of their passive acceptance of modern capitalist society as a natural way of life.The Frankfurt SchoolvIntroIntro:Its a school of neo-Marxism social theory.Opposite to Lukcss
24、theories Critical TheoryvRepresentatives:Representatives:Herbert Marcuse,father of the New LeftTheodor Adorno,art is set apart from realityWalter Benjamin,most idiosyncratic Marxist thinker Contemporary MarxismContemporary MarxismvFeatureFeatureProperous period,many schools emerged vRepresentativesR
25、epresentativesStructural MarxismNew-Left MarxsimStructural MarxismvCommon:Common:individual cannot be understood apart from their social existence,it should be placed on the complicated social relations.vDifferenceDifference:S-timeless,self-regulating M-historical,changeable,fraughtvRepresentativesR
26、epresentativesLucien Goldmann,genetic structuralismLouis Althusser,locates art somewhere between ideology and scientific knowledgeNew-Left Marxismv Marxisms influence on the left-wing writers,they believe in revolt in life.v They were convinced that American society cannot continue in its present ca
27、pitalistic form,and believed that the only way out is through a social revolution which will emancipate the workers from their present state.v Representatives:Fredric Jameson Terry EagletonCompany LogoSimone de BeauvoirJames JoyceJean Paul SartreRichard WrightClaude McKayInfluenced Influenced writer
28、swritersRichard WrightNative SonvHow Ideological State apparatus(How Ideological State apparatus(意意识形态国家机器识形态国家机器)is reflected in the)is reflected in the novelnovelEducation:Education:what the school teach is the ideology of the ruling class.(Bigger,the white)Religion:Religion:fool,victimMass media:
29、Mass media:newspaper in the prison,sentence him to death,arouse anger of the masses,rulling classs toolRichard WrightNative SonvThese three ideologies are covered and weakened,not as obvious as the law and prison.vPeoples consciousness of environment,world and socio-history is dominated by this unco
30、nscious ideologyFitzgeraldThe Great GatsbyvMarxism:Marxism:no matter whether the author is conscious or not,novel is the socio-economic and ideologic product of a certain period and a certain location.The Great Gatsby is the socio-historical reality and ideology of the 1920s AmericaFitzgeraldThe Gre
31、at GatsbyTomDaisyGatsbyMr and Mrs Wilsonnoble bourgeoisiepetit bourgroisienew aristocracymiddle-classMarxism devides people into many groups and Marxism devides people into many groups and it belives that its easier to analyze a work it belives that its easier to analyze a work according to the diff
32、erences of social classaccording to the differences of social classEach of them have their own dream,but not all of them get a happy ending in the end.v Why the once cheerful American Dream by Why the once cheerful American Dream by Franklin becomes a disappointment now?Franklin becomes a disappoint
33、ment now?American people,as well as the characters in this novel,believe in American Dream firmly.But they ignore the fact that American Dream is not suitable for everyone.The seemingly equality,rationality advocated by American Dream bewildered and fooled the people,it makes them willing be the vic
34、tim of the wealthyAmerican Dream is for the interest of the ruling class LOGOCompany Logo Cycle DiagramTextTextTextTextTextCycle nameAdd Your TextCompany LogoDiagramTextTextTextAdd YourTitle TextText 1Text 2Text 3Text 4Text 5Add YourTitle TextText 1Text 2Text 3Text 4Text 5TextTextCompany LogoDiagram
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