1、Chapter 9 Intelligence and intelligence assessmentOutline What is assessmentIntelligence assessment Theories of intelligenceThe politics of intelligencecreativity Assessment and society What is assessment Psychological assessment is the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities,b
2、ehaviors,and personal qualities of people.Basic Features of Formal Assessment正式测量的基本特点Formal assessment procedures should meet three requirements:Reliability信度信度 Validity效度效度 Standardization标准化标准化Reliability信度Reliability is the extent to which an assessment instrument can be trusted to give consiste
3、nt scores.信度是指某一测量工具能够得出一致分数的程度。Test-retest reliability重测信度:a correlation of scores derived bythe same individual(s)at different times Parallel forms平行/复本信度:correlation of scores derived by using different forms of the same test Split-half reliability分半信度:correlation between different halves of the
4、same testValidity效度The validity of a test is the degree to which it measures what an assessor intends it to measure.测验的效度是指测验能够测得的它所要测定的东西的程度。Face validity表面效度:the topic of measurement is clear to those being tested Criterion validity效标效度,or predictive validity预测效度:correlation between a tests scores
5、 and his or her score on some other standard,or criterion,associated with what the test measures.Construct validity结构效度Norms and Standardization常模与标准化 Norms and Standardization Norms are typical scores or statistics.Standardization is the administration of a testing device to all persons,in the same
6、 way,under the same condition.标准化是指在同一条件下对所有人、以同样的方式实施测验。Intelligence AssessmentIntelligence智力Definitions of intelligence:Intelligence is a very general mental capability that involves the ability to reason,plan,solve problems,think abstractly,comprehend complex ideas,and learn from experience.智力与能力
7、是指成功地解决某种问题（或完成任务）且表现出良好适应性的个性心理特征。Origins of Intelligence TestingAlfred Binet developed an objective test that could classify and identify developmentally disabled children.He designed age-appropriate test items.His test computed average scores for normal children at different ages.Mental age(MA)心理
8、年龄measure of an individuals level of mental development Chronological age生理年龄 the number of years since birhOrigins of Intelligence TestingFeatures of Binets approach A test score is interpreted as an estimate of current performance,not as a measure of innate intelligence.Scores identify children ne
9、eding special help.Binet did not want scores to stigmatize children.He emphasized training and opportunity.He constructed his test on empirical(not theoretical)data.IQ Tests:Intelligence quotientThe IQ was a numerical,standardized measure of intelligence.The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Wechsle
10、r ScalesThe Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleStanford Binet Intelligence Scale revised many times since 1916;currently known as Stanford-Binet:Fourth Edition(SB:IV)This test was adapted for American school children by LewisTerman of Stanford University.The Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleIt provide
11、d a base for the concept of intelligence quotient(IQ)Intelligence quotient(IQ)mental age(MA)chronological age(CA).X 100IQ score=The Wechsler Intelligence ScalesWechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale,developed by David Wechsler,was first published in 1939.The original version was renamed Wechsler Adult
12、 Intelligence Scale(WAIS)in 1955 and revised and re-released in 1971(WAIS-III).The Wechsler Intelligence ScalesWechsler developed a series of scales where each subtest measures a different intellectual task.These scales can be grouped into:Verbal tasks语词任务:require knowledge of verbal concepts.Perfor
13、mance tasks操作任务:require familiarity with spatial-relations concepts.The Wechsler Intelligence ScalesWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,3rd Ed.(WISC-III)(1991)is designed for children six to seventeen years old.Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence,Revised(WPPSI-R)(1989)is design
14、ed for children four to six and-a-half years old.Weschler ScalesWechsler introduced the concept of the deviation IQ based on how a persons answers compared with those attained by people in the same age group.The average IQ score is 100.IQ scores were distributed on a normal curve.IQ=100+15Z Z=X-X SD
15、Interpeting IQ scoresMental Retardation（智力延迟）.Must meet 3 criteria:Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning Limitations in adaptive skills(such as communication,self care,social skills,health and safety,work).Onset prior to age 18.Theories of intelligenceOutline Theories of intelligence Ps
16、ychometric Theories of Intelligence智力的心理测量学理论 Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence斯腾伯格的智力三因素理论 Gardners multiple intelligence and emotional intelligence加德纳的多元智力理论与情绪智力 Psychometric Theories of Intelligence智力的心理测量学理论Psychometrics is the field of psychology that spelializes in mental testing in
17、 any of its facets,including personality assessment,intelligence evaluation,and aptitude measurement.Based on a statistical technique called factor analysis.The goal of factor analysis is to identify the basic psychological dimensions of the concept being investigated.Theories of IntelligenceIs inte
18、lligence one ability or many?Factor theory Spearmans“g”or two-factor theory Raymond Cattells crystallized intelligence&fluid intelligence Guilfords intellect modelFactor theoryCharles Spearman proposed two-factor theory of intelligence consisting of General intelligence(g);broad ability Specific int
19、elligence(s);ability in a specific areaGSDSASCSESBFactor theoryRaymond Cattell determined general intelligence could be broken into two relatively independent components.fluid intelligence液态智力,the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.crystallized intelligence晶态智力,the knowledge the
20、 individual has already acquired and the ability to access that knowledge.Factor theoryJ.P.Guilford(吉尔福特的智力结构论)developed the structure of intellect model specifying three features of intellectual tasks:content,or type of information;product,or form in which information is presented;operation,or type
21、 of mental activity performed.Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence斯腾伯格的智力三因素理论Robert Sternberg proposed an intelligence with three types:componential,experimental,and contextualThe Triarchic Theory of Intelligence componential intelligence is what we generally think of as academic ability.exp
22、erimental intelligence is ability to cope with novel situations and to profit from experience.contextual intelligence is ability to enable people to adapt to the demands of their environment.Founder of Multiple Intelligence TheoryTheories of IntelligenceTheory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardne
23、r proposed that intelligence is comprised of different kinds of intelligences.According to Gardner,there are several intelligences,not one,each based in a different area of the brain.Language ability and logic are familiar aspects of intelligence.But Gardner also refers to bodily talents,musical abi
24、lity,spatialrelations skills,and two kinds of personal intelligencesensitivity to ones own feelings(intrapersonal sensitivity)and sensitivity to the feelings of others(interpersonal sensitivity)as intelligences.Gardners critics ask whether such special talents are truly“intelligences”or specific tal
25、ents.The theory of emtional intelligenceEmotional intelligence(EQ)is related to interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences.EQ is reflected in four abilities:to perceive,appraise,and express emotions appropriately;to use emotions to facilitate thinking;to analyze emotions and use emotional knowled
26、ge effectively;to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growthThe politics of IntelligencesThe politics of IntelligencesYou will see that this is one of the most politically volatile issues in psychology History of Group Comparisons 组间比较的历史 Heredity and IQ 遗传与IQ Environments and IQ
27、环境与IQ Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests文化与IQ测验的有效性History of Group Comparisons 组间比较的历史Henry Goddard(early 1900s)advocated testing of immigrants and selectively excluding those found to be“mentally defective.”History of Group Comparisons“Evidence”for exclusion derived from case studies of two infa
28、mous families,the Juke and the Kallikak families,that allegedly had produced defective human offspring for generations.Heredity and IQ 遗传与IQOne method is to compare functioning in identical twins,fraternal twins,and relatives with other degrees of genetic overlap.Determinants of IntelligenceGenetic
29、Influences on Intelligence.Kinship studies Twin studies Adoptee studiesGenetic Influences on IntelligenceKinship studies Closely related people ought to have more similar IQs than distantly related or unrelated people,even when they are reared separately.Genetic Influences on IntelligenceTwin studie
30、s IQ scores of identical twins are more alike than scores for any other pairs.Genetic Influences on IntelligenceAdoptee studies A stronger relationship between the IQ scores of adopted children and those of their biological parents than between the childrens scores and those of their adoptive parent
31、s.Determinants of IntelligenceGenetic Influences on Intelligence.IQ scores of identical twins are more alike than scores for any other pairs.All in all,studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is between 40%and 60%.Environments and IQResearch has most often focused on global m
32、easures of environment(e.g.,socioeconomic status),in considering its influence on IQ scores.Determinants of IntelligenceEnvionmental Influences on Intelligence.Manipulation of the testing situation Home environment and styles of parenting.Education Envionmental Influences on Intelligence.Manipulatio
33、n of the testing situation The testing situational factors can determine IQ scores.Stereotype vulnerability(定势威胁）Experiment Envionmental Influences on Intelligence.Home environment and styles of parenting.Children of mothers who are emotioally and verbally responsive,provide appropriate play materia
34、ls,are involved with their children,and provide varied daily experiences during the early years obtain higher IQ scores.Organization and safty in the home have also been linked to higher IQs.Envionmental Influences on Intelligence.Education.Education contributes to intelligence.Head Start programs enhance IQ scores,achievement scores and academic skills of disadvantaged children.Children who have been in school longer obtain higher IQ scores.IQ scores tend to decrease during summer vacations.
