1、语法专题-名词专题一 名词名词的分类和数名词的量与格主谓一致一、名词的分类名词名词特定的人，地点等（首字母大写）例：Yao Ming，New York CHINA 普通名词普通名词个体名词tree,city,teacher,man,holiday.集体名词police,people,clothes,family.物质名词paper,bread,light,air,gas.抽象名词truth,honesty,friendship,money.专有名词专有名词可数不可数专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词thethe。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则
2、表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens(格林一家人)。the Whites白氏一家人the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)二、名词的数1、规则名词的变化(1)一般情况下直接加s boys(2)以x,s,sh,ch结尾，加es:box class+es注意:mouth-mouths physics/maths-+单谓例外例外:stomach-stomachs(3)辅音字母+y结尾，去y变-ies;story-stories body-bodies 注意:Mary-Marys,Henry-Henrys，Harry-Harrys（人名人名y一般加
3、一般加s)(4)元音字母+y结尾，直接+s;注意:toy-toys,boy-boys,holiday-holidays(5)以-f,-fe结尾，去-f,-fe变-ves;life-lives,wife-wives,knife-knives,thief-thieves,shelf-shelves,wolf-wolves,half-halves 一半 half pass例外:roof-roofs,proof-proofs(6)以-o结尾，+s/es mangoes初中阶段4个加es：potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes（英雄），Negro-Negr
4、oes（黑人）口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿es有的单词虽然是有的单词虽然是s 结尾，但是是不可结尾，但是是不可数名词数名词 news（新闻）（新闻）physics（物理）物理）maths（数学）（数学）politics（政治）（政治）eg：Maths is a useful language.二、名词的数以f(e)结尾的名词复数顺口溜妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。妙语诠释中学阶段九个以-f(e)结尾的名词:wife(妻子)knife(小刀)wolf(狼)thief(小偷)shelf(架子)self(自己)life(生命)half(一半)leaf(树叶)这九个
5、词变复数时，都是改-f(e)为ve再加-s。themself由self构成的复合词，其变化与self相同，如:myself-ourselves yourself-yourselves一、名词的数2、不规则名词的变化(1)oo-ee:foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese(2)a-e:man-men,woman-women policeman-policewoman例外:human-humans,German-Germans,Roman-Romans,walkman-walkmans(3)child-children,ox-oxen-cow母牛母牛(4)mouse-m
6、ice3、单复数同形Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,deer.注意:fish鱼肉 fish（不可数）鱼的种类 fishes（可数）二、名词的数4、复合名词的复数woman doctortwo women doctorsman与woman作定语时，后面的名词为复数名词时，man与woman 也要变为复数5.主体名词变复数主体名词变复数father-in-law fathers-in-law（岳父）passer-by passers-by（路人）6.只有复数形式 trousers（裤子）pants glasses（眼镜）socks gloves（手套）7.惯用单数和复数的
7、词组catch ones eye 引起某人的注意 with one s own eyes亲眼make friends with结交朋友 shake hands with sb.握手the sports meeting运动会 the Olympic Games=the Olympics奥林匹克运动会do(morning/eye)exercises 做运动 take notes做笔记 the sports shoes三、名词的转换三、名词种类的转化paper 纸-papers 卷子，报纸tea/coffee 茶，咖啡(物质)-teas/coffees (量)glass玻璃-glasses c.n.
8、眼镜cloth 布-clothes 衣服总称chicken 小鸡-chicken鸡肉light光-lights 灯a room房间-room 空间课堂练习把下列的单词变为复数photo dictionary potato hobby airport family tomato UFOarmy foot radio lifeGerman child box fridge tooth brush holiday railway mouse city thief roof copy fish sheep policemanstomach Japanese课堂练习把下列的单词变为复数photos di
9、ctionary-dictionaries potatoes hobby-hobbies airports family tomatoes UFOsarmy foot-feet radios life-livesGermans children boxes fridges tooth-teeth brushes holidays railways mouse-mice city-cities thief-thieives roofscopy-copies fish-fishes/fish sheep-deer policeman-policemen stomachs Japanese课堂练习完
10、成下列句子1.In the restaurant we learned how to serve(服务)customers (顾客)2.There are many women doctors (女医生)in the childrens hospital.3.Liquids can be turned into gases (气体).4.We often go to Shanghai Library on Sunday afternoons (星期日下午)5.Excuse me,wheres the (教师办公室)?teachers office6.Oh,so many_ (巧克力)in th
11、e box!chocolates7.The store sells (运 动鞋)for middle school students.sports shoes8.They shake hands with each other (握手)warmly when they were introduced to each other.two cups of coffee/two coffees9.“(两杯咖啡),please.”Mr.Smith said to the waiter as he sat down.10.We want to go to _(长城).the 11.How many _c
12、hickens_(chicken)are there under the tree?12.He likes _chicken_(chicken)very much,Its very nice.课堂练习完成下列句子1.In the restaurant we learned how to serve(服务)(顾客)2.There are many (女医生)in the childrens hospital.3.Liquids can be turned into (气体).4.We often go to Shanghai Library (星期日下午)5.Excuse me,wheres t
13、he (教师办公室)?6.Oh,so many_ (巧克力)in the box!7.The store sells (运动鞋)for middle school students.8.They (握手)warmly when they were introduced to each other.9.“(两杯咖啡),please.”Mr.Smith said to the waiter as he sat down.10.We want to go to _(长城).11.How many _(chicken)are there under the tree?12.He likes _(chi
14、cken)very much,Its very nice.customerswomen doctorsgaseson Sunday afternoonsteachers officechocolatessports shoesshake hands with each other the Great WallTwo coffeeschickenchickens四、名词的量1、可数名词的数数字数字+名词的复数名词的复数 two eggs，ten books2、不可数名词量词量词+名词名词 a piece of paper,a loaf of bread 一条面包常用搭配:a piece of p
15、aper一张纸,a piece of news一则新闻a piece of bread一片面包,a piece of meat一片肉a piece of advice一条建议，a piece of information一则信息a piece of chalk一支粉笔，a bowl of一碗a bottle of一瓶,a cup of coffeea glass of water 一杯水，a drop of water一滴水a bag of rice一袋大米,a basin of water一盆水a block of ice,two pieces of,a pair of.3、惯用复数的词tr
16、ousers,shoes,clothes,glasses.四、名词的量4、修饰可数和不可数的其他词或词组few,a few,many,several,a large/small number of+可数名词little,a little,much,a large/small amount of,a great deal of+不可数名词some,any,plenty of,enough,a lot of/lots of+可数/不可数名词（无a plenty of表达）区分：few，a few，little，a little1.few与a few修饰可数名词的复数；而little与a littl
17、e修饰不可数名词eg：I have a few friends.我有几个朋友。I have a little water in the bottle.我瓶子里有一点水。2.a few与a little含有肯定意义；few与little含有否定意义：eg：I have few friends.我几乎没有朋友。I have little water in the bottle.我瓶子里几乎没水了。四、名词的格1.定义：名词所有格表示所属关系,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。2.构成法如下：名词名词+s s:通常用来表示有生命的东西 Childerns DayChilderns Day(儿童节儿童节)of
18、+of+名词：名词：通常用来表示没有生命的东西 the map of China the map of China(中国地图）中国地图）双重所有格：双重所有格：“of+“of+名词所有格名词所有格/名词性物主代词名词性物主代词”a friend a friend ofof my fathersmy fathers(我父亲的一位朋友我父亲的一位朋友),a friend),a friend ofof minemine(我的我的一位朋友一位朋友)区分：区分：a picture of my sister a picture of my sister 与与 a picture of my sisters
19、 a picture of my sistersa picture of my sister a picture of my sister 指的是照片是妹妹，但是所有权不一定是妹妹指的是照片是妹妹，但是所有权不一定是妹妹的的四、s s 所有格所有格1.名词的单数所有格是直接在名词后面加名词的单数所有格是直接在名词后面加 s eg：Marys letter,the girls story,Miss Lius students 2.复数名词所有格的变化形式复数名词所有格的变化形式 如果是以如果是以-s或或-es结尾，它的所有格是在名词后加结尾，它的所有格是在名词后加“”。eg：the twins
20、bedroom the students books如果名词的复数形式不是以如果名词的复数形式不是以-s或或-es结尾，它的所有格是直接加结尾，它的所有格是直接加 s。eg：a childrens book(儿童读物儿童读物)the mens shoes 3.有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加也可在词尾加 s.eg：today s newspaper(今天的报纸今天的报纸),ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息十分钟的课间休息),China s population(中国的人口中国的人口).br
21、eak glass 四、s s 所有格所有格4.s还可以表示还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺某人的家或者某个店铺my aunt s（+home）(我阿姨家我阿姨家)eg：,the doctor s+(诊所诊所)5.两人两人共有某物共有某物时时,可以采用可以采用 A and B s 的形式的形式eg：Lucy and Lily s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室露西和丽丽合住的卧室)6.两人两人各自拥有某物各自拥有某物时，可以采用时，可以采用A s and B s形式形式eg：Lucy s and Lily s bedroom(露西和丽丽各自的卧室露西和丽丽各自的卧室)7.上文提到过的省略上
22、文提到过的省略eg：Is this your bike？No,it is Toms+(这里省略了这里省略了bike）四、of of 所有格所有格1.表示无生命的eg：the picture of my sister 我姐妹的照片2.名词或者名词的定语太长了the death of my dearest cat 我最心爱的猫猫的离世比较重要的转换比较重要的转换one hours walk=a one hours walk=a one-hourone-hour walk walk 一个小时的路程一个小时的路程The girl is The girl is two yeartwo years s o
23、ld old.=This is.=This is a two-a two-yearyear-old gilr.-old gilr.一个两岁的女孩一个两岁的女孩课堂练习1._ mothers couldnt go to the meeting,because they have gone to Shanghai.A.Mary and Peters B.Mary and Peter B.Marys and Peter D.Marys and Peters 2.Li Lei has been to _ many times this month.A.her uncle B.her uncles C.
24、her uncles D.aunts 3.This is _ reading-room.A.the teachers B.teachersC.teachers D.the teachers 4.How many_ would you like?A.paper B.bread C.pieces of papers D.pieces of bread 5.There are 34_ doctors in the hospital.A.woman B.women C.womans D.womens 解析：此句中解析：此句中“mothers”是复数是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲表示两个人各自的母亲,因此
25、应选因此应选D。解析：此句意为解析：此句意为“李雷这个去她舅舅家多次李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”.表示具体场所时表示具体场所时,可省去所有格后面的名词可省去所有格后面的名词.因此因此选选B。解析：教师不止一个，故解析：教师不止一个，故teachers，而且前文需要加定冠词，而且前文需要加定冠词the a+teachers 解析：解析：paper与与bread都是不可数的，只能用都是不可数的，只能用piece，但是，但是how many+可数名词，故选择可数名词，故选择D解析：女医生，解析：女医生，woman作为定语，不需要变为所有格，并且复数，前后两个词都要变为复数。作为定语，不需要变为所有格，并
26、且复数，前后两个词都要变为复数。课堂练习In an old building in Peking University,a yellow light shone into the old and dark hours of the night.The famous translator Xu Yuanchong 1.(sit)behind the window and staring at the computer screen.He enjoyed working by 2._(he)from 10:00 p.m.to 4:00 a.m.For him,the quiet night was
27、 a 3.(value)time to focus on translation.He was exploring how 4.(spread)Chinese culture abroad by translating Chinese beauty into Western beauty.Xu was born into a literary family in Nanchang 5.April 18th,1921.When he was little,he 6._(influence)by his mother who was interested in literature.Xu bega
28、n to translate Chinese poetry into both English and 7._(France)when he was still a teenager.He soon learned that Chinese and European languages were very different.Only about half of the words in these languages could be translated word for-word.This is why translators should have 8.creative mind.Th
29、ey are always trying to improve their translations to make sure they are correct and beautiful.Xus motto is:Good,better;best.Never let it rest.Until your good is better;you re your better best.9._ Xu was widely considered to be the best,he never stopped trying to become better.The more you learn and
30、 the 10.(hard)you study,the better you will become.There is always room for improvement.英语句子中的主语与谓语动词应在英语句子中的主语与谓语动词应在人称和数上人称和数上保持一致保持一致三原则三原则主谓一致主谓一致语法一致语法一致意义一致意义一致就近一致就近一致单单单单复复复复形单意复形单意复复复形复意单形复意单单单neithernor.,eitheror,not onlybut also,there be句型 等 people police news,politicsphysics,maths 主谓一致一、
31、语法一致一、语法一致例如:He often helps me learn English.My friends often help me learn English.主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致。主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致。1、不定式不定式,动名词动名词,以及从句以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。单数。具体情况具体对待具体情况具体对待 To see is to believe.Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.read非谓语动词to do/doing/done aloud is.What he said ha
32、s been recorded.2、不定代词不定代词作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.Neither of my sisters likes sports.Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book.each一、语法一致一、语法一致3、专有名词作主语专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories.书籍，歌曲 一、语法一致一、语法一致4、a kind of,the number of等与名
33、词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.The number of workers in the factory is 400.A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.5、由some,several,both,few,many,a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数.the number ofOn the seashore,some people are playing volleyball.Both of us are fond
34、of watching football games.A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.一、语法一致一、语法一致6、有些表示数量的百分数,分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式.如:a lot of,most of,any of,half of,three fifths of,eighty percent of,some of,none of,the rest of,all of等A lot of money in the s
35、hop was stolen yesterday.A lot of students are from England in the school.这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。单数形式。二、意义一致二、意义一致1)当主语后面接由but,except,besides,as well as,as much as,including,more than,no less than,rather than,toget
36、her with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。The teacher,is going to have a picnic this weekend.with all his students The students,are going to have a picnic this weekend，together with their teacher 二、意义一致二、意义一致我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句搬到句首或是放到句末末去,因为它们在句子里是状语:The students are going to have a picnic th
37、is weekend together with their teacher.2)表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Eight hours of sleep is enough.Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.two hours drive is 3)形容词前加定冠词即the+形容词作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.如:The sick here are very well cared fo
38、r.The true is to be distinguished from the false.the old are the youth are4)由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The writer and teacher is coming.The writer and the teacher are coming.5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义。这类集体名词常见的有:army,class,club,crowd,fam
39、ily,government,group,people,police,public,team等.如：The family are all fond of football.具体成员 The family is the tiniest cell of the society.集体6)一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如:trousers,pants,shorts,glasses,等作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:Her glasses are new.但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数.如:This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou
40、.三、就近原则 这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致，常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or,either or,neither nor ,not only but also 等.例如:Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.1.The old_ taken good care of in this country.语态-被动 A.am B.is C.are D.was2.Nobody but
41、 Sam and John _ in the room.A.are B.had been C.were D.is3.My family _ having supper when suddenly the bell rang ring.A.is B.was C.are D.were4.Swimming in the pool不定式/从句 _ very interesting.with friends A.has B.have C.is D.are 5.A number of children _ for the teacher to come now.A.is waiting B.are waiting C.waits D.waitedCDDCBTHANKS
