1、选择性必修第四册Unit 1 Science Fiction目录/contents1appointment n预约；约会；委任appoint vt.任命；委派；指定；约定2guilty adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的guilt n内疚；罪行；罪过3declare vt.表明；宣称；公布declaration n宣称；声明4calculate vt.计算；核算；预测calculator n计算器calculation n计算5blurred adj.模糊不清的；难以区分的blur v(使)变得模糊不清；(使)视线模糊6division n分开；分隔；差异；除(法)divide vt.分开；分散
2、；分配；分享7urge n强烈的欲望；冲动 vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的8explode vi.&vt.爆炸；爆破explosion n爆炸；(感情)爆发；激增9mud n泥；泥浆muddy adj.泥泞的一、语态语态语态用来表示用来表示主语与谓语之间的关系主语与谓语之间的关系。主动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者表示主语是动作的承受者 什么时候什么时候常常用被动语态用被动语态?不知道动作的执行者不知道动作的执行者 没有必要指出动作的执行者没有必要指出动作的执行者 强调动作的承受者强调动作的承受者
3、一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态二、被动语态的一般结构：即：be+done(+by)“be+及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词”Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.哈姆雷特哈姆雷特是莎士比亚写的。是莎士比亚写的。The task has been finished.任务已经完成了。任务已经完成了。不知道动作的执行者不知道动作的执行者强调动作承受者强调动作承受者WeWe speak speak EnglishEnglish.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语English English is is spokenspoken byby
4、usus.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时进行时完成时现在时过去时将来时am/is/are doneam/is/are being done was/were doneshall/will be donewas/were being donehad been doneshall/will have been donehas/have been done三三、各种时态的被动语态构成、各种时态的被动语态构成 1.They make shoes in that factory.四、主动语态变被动语态四、主动语态变被动语态Shoes are made (by them)i
5、n that factory.一般现在时的被动语态构成一般现在时的被动语态构成：S(主语）主语）+am/is/are +过去分词过去分词2.They bought ten computers last term Ten computers were bought (by them)last term.一般过去时：一般过去时：S+was/were+过去分词过去分词3Ling Feng can take good care of Polly Polly can be taken good care of by Ling Feng .情态动词：情态动词：S+can/may/must/should+b
6、e+过去分词过去分词4.They will finish the work in ten days.The work will be finished(by them)in ten days.一般将来时：一般将来时：S+will+be+过去分词过去分词5.Some workers are painting the rooms nowThe rooms are being painted by some workers now.现在进行时：现在进行时：S+am/is/are+being+过去分词过去分词6We have made twenty more keysTwenty more keys
7、have been made by us.现在完成时：现在完成时：S+have/has+been+过去分词过去分词7I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night My homework was being done(by me)at 8:00 last night.过去进行时：过去进行时：S+was/were+being+过去分词过去分词 五、何时使用被动语态呢？五、何时使用被动语态呢？一、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无一、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。例如：法说出动作的执行者时。例如：Football is played all
8、over the world 二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作的执行者时。例如：的执行者时。例如：My bike was stolen我的自行车被盗了。我的自行车被盗了。三、汉语中含有三、汉语中含有“据说据说”、“据悉据悉”、“有有人说人说”、“大家说大家说”等时。例如：等时。例如：It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and It was reported that her mother died of SARS.众所周知众所周知 It is well known that 据推测
9、说据推测说 It is supposed that“it+be+过去分词+从句”常见的结构有：It is known that.It is suggested that.It is believed that.It is reported that.It is said that.It is hoped that.四、汉语中含有四、汉语中含有“被被”、“由由”等词时。等词时。例如：例如：Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao魏华是被林涛叫来的。魏华是被林涛叫来的。五、某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如：五、某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如：He was born in
10、 October，1989 六、表示礼貌时。例如：六、表示礼貌时。例如：You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00 p.m.tomorrow敬请您明天晚上敬请您明天晚上8:00光临我们的英语晚会。光临我们的英语晚会。六、在什么情况下不能使用被动语六、在什么情况下不能使用被动语态呢？态呢？1.表示状态的动词，如表示状态的动词，如have，cost，fit，last，own，hold，become等往往不能用于被动语态。等往往不能用于被动语态。例如：例如：【正】【正】The shirt fits him very we
11、ll【误】【误】He is fitted very well by the shirt 2.祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如：祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如：【正】【正】Look at the blackboard，please【误】【误】The blackboard is looked at by you 3.某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、组织时不能用于被动语态。例如：组织时不能用于被动语态。例如：【正】【正】He joined the League in 1998【误】【误】The League was joined by him in 1998 4.由由“
12、动词名词动词名词”构成的英语习语（如构成的英语习语（如make faces，make friends，take place等）等）一般不可改为被动语态。例如：一般不可改为被动语态。例如：【正】【正】The boy make faces in class【误】【误】Faces are made by the boy in class Great changes have taken place in Jinan since last year.5.反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。例如：动语态。例如：【正】【正】You must look after you
13、rself【误】【误】Yourself must be looked after The boy breathed a sigh of relief when hearing that he wouldnt be dismissed.当听说他不会被开除时，这个男孩松了一口气。当听说他不会被开除时，这个男孩松了一口气。1 1否定词否定词notnot位置：位置：七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：第一个助动词或者情态动词后第一个助动词或者情态动词后=would not 2.2.双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词的被动结构 例：例：He gave her some money.She was g
14、iven some money.Some money was given to her.带有双宾语的主动句，变被动句时，一般把带有双宾语的主动句，变被动句时，一般把“人人”提前提前作主语；将作主语；将“物物”提前则要在提前则要在“人人”的前面加的前面加 to 或或 for。七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：31一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell 等。等。The cup with mix
15、ture was showed to the class.My bike was lent to her.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for,如：如：buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,fix,get,make,order,等。等。Mother made me a new skirt.(A new skirt was made for me.)The meat was cooked for us.Some country music was played for us.带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,一般
16、将主动结一般将主动结构中的构中的宾语宾语变为被动结构中的变为被动结构中的主语主语,而将宾语补而将宾语补足语保留不动足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。3.3.带复合宾语的动词的被动结构带复合宾语的动词的被动结构 例：例：His father called him Jack.He was called Jack by his father.七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：4.4.含有动词短语的句子转换。含有动词短语的句子转换。They have never listened to him.They have never listened to
17、 him.他们从不听他的话。他们从不听他的话。He has never been listened to.He has never been listened to.练习：They take good care of the baby.The baby is taken good care of by them.注意：含动词词组的被动语态，须将其看作一 个整体，不可把它们分隔开来,不要丢漏动词短语中的副词或介词。e.g.The flower smells sweet.The cake tastes delicious.His face looks pale.5.连系（感官）动词，如连系（感官）
18、动词，如look,feel,smell等，以及等，以及sell,open等词以主动等词以主动形式表示被动含义。形式表示被动含义。6、主语是物，谓语是表示主语、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性特征或属性的的不及物动词。常见的这类动词有不及物动词。常见的这类动词有write,read,wear,wash,clean,sell,run等等。这些动词常。这些动词常与副词与副词smoothly,easily,well,badly等连用。等连用。例如：例如：The machine The machine runsruns well.well.This pen This pen writeswrites
19、quite smoothly.quite smoothly.This kind of bookThis kind of book sells sells well.well.有些不及物动词主动形式可表被动意义有些不及物动词主动形式可表被动意义例：例：It cant move.The door wont shut.7.某些与某些与 cant,wont 等连用的不及物动词，等连用的不及物动词，如如move,lock,shut,open等。等。七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：8.当当want,need,require,deserve 表示表示“需要需要”或或“值得值得”时，其宾语可用
20、动词时，其宾语可用动词-ing 形式的主动形式的主动形式表示被动意义。形式表示被动意义。例：例：The carpet really wants cleaning(=to be cleaned).Most house plants require watering(=to be watered).七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：例：例：The film is well worth seeing.The policy is partly to blame for causing the worst unemployment in Europe.9.在在 be worth doing
21、 和和 be to blame 结构中，动词结构中，动词-ing 形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义 例：例：The question is difficult to answer.Volleyball is very interesting to watch.10.在在“be+形容词形容词+不定式不定式”结构中，不定式表示的结构中，不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时
22、，用主动形式表示被动意义。式表示被动意义。常见形容词有：常见形容词有：cheap,easy,comfortable,difficult,hard,light,heavy,expensive,pleasant,interesting,fit 等等 七、七、被动语态的几个问题：被动语态的几个问题：11.动词不定式的被动语态由动词不定式的被动语态由“tobe及物动词的过及物动词的过去分词去分词”构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动式。主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动式。动词不定式的被动式只有一般式动词不定式的
23、被动式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式和完成式(to have been done)。I am very happy to be thus praised.受到如此褒奖我非常高兴受到如此褒奖我非常高兴。The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the library.这些杂志不允许带出图书馆。这些杂志不允许带出图书馆。The room seems to have been broken into.似乎有人闯进过这房间。似乎有人闯进过这房间。I am proud to have been admitted to Peking Un
24、iversity.我很自豪已被北京大学录取。我很自豪已被北京大学录取。12.sb.have sth.to do/There be sth.to do 句型中。句型中。Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare.会议结束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。会议结束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。There is so much homework to do every day，which almost drives me mad.每天有那么多家庭作业要做，这几乎让我发疯。每天有那么多家庭作业要做，这几乎让我发疯。
25、13.动词不定式与疑问词连用时。动词不定式与疑问词连用时。With so many books at hand，Tom had no idea which to read first.手头有那么多的书，汤姆不知道先读哪一本。手头有那么多的书，汤姆不知道先读哪一本。八、被动语态和过去分词作表语八、被动语态和过去分词作表语1.意义差别：被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表意义差别：被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。语描写人或事物的特征及状态。The window is broken.窗子破了。窗子破了。The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。窗子被
26、他打破了。2.用法差别：过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，用法差别：过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。修饰。He was very interested in science.(系表结构系表结构)他对科学非常有兴趣。他对科学非常有兴趣。I was so much surprised at the scene that I didnt know what to do.(被动语态被动
27、语态)我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。(1)She had feelings of (guilty)about leaving her children and going to work.(2)I felt guilty my conflict with my dear friend and I must apologize to him.be guilty of犯有犯有罪罪be/feel guilty for/at/about.对对/为为感到内疚感到内疚/有愧有愧adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的内疚的；有罪的；有过失的(guilt n.内疚；悔恨；犯
28、罪；内疚；悔恨；犯罪；罪行罪行)1guiltyguiltfor/at/about(3)她说：她说：“可是我已经欺骗了我奶奶，可是我已经欺骗了我奶奶，”脸颊上流下了内疚的泪水。脸颊上流下了内疚的泪水。(读后续写之愧疚心理描写读后续写之愧疚心理描写)“But I have cheated my grandmother，”she said，and _.(并列句并列句)“But I have cheated my grandmother，”she said，_.(独立主格结构独立主格结构)tears of guilttears of guiltflowed down her cheeksflowing
29、 down her cheeks have/feel an urge to do sth.有强烈的欲望做某事有强烈的欲望做某事 urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事催促某人做某事 urge that.(should)do sth.极力主张极力主张/强调强调做某事做某事 It is urged that.(should)do sth.极力主张极力主张/强调强调做某事做某事n.强烈的欲望；冲动强烈的欲望；冲动 vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐催促；力劝；大力推荐(urgent adj.紧紧急的；急迫的急的；急迫的)2urge(1)The salesman didnt work yester
30、day because he had some _(urge)things to handle.urgent(2)家长应该积极督促孩子利用这个机会参加户外活动。家长应该积极督促孩子利用这个机会参加户外活动。Parents should actively _.(urge sb.to do sth.)Parents should actively _.(urge that.)(3)我渴望减肥，因此，我绝不在两餐之间吃零食。我渴望减肥，因此，我绝不在两餐之间吃零食。，so I will never snack between meals.urge their children to take adv
31、antage of theurge that their children(should)take advantageopportunity to participate in outdoor activitiesof the opportunity to participate in outdoor activitiesI have an urge to lose weighttake off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功take on呈现；雇用；承担呈现；雇用；承担take in包括；吸收；理解；欺骗；收留包括；吸收；理解；欺骗；收留take up占去；占据；
32、开始从事占去；占据；开始从事占上风；取而代之；接管；接手占上风；取而代之；接管；接手3take over用用take短语的适当形式填空短语的适当形式填空After the firm from his father，Tom some scientific ideas and some experienced and hard-working workers，which suggested that his firm would soon.Tom held the strong belief that his firm would a new look in the near future.tak
33、ing overtook intook ontake offtake onturn down拒绝；关小；调低拒绝；关小；调低turn in上交上交turn over翻身；移交；转变翻身；移交；转变turn to求助于；转向求助于；转向turn up出现；调高出现；调高关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是4turn out(1)所有的候选人必须在截止日期前交上申请表和相关材料。所有的候选人必须在截止日期前交上申请表和相关材料。and relevant materials before the deadline.All the candidates must turn
34、in the application forms(2)有如此多的数学难题要解决，我必须向我的老师求助。有如此多的数学难题要解决，我必须向我的老师求助。With so many difficult math problems to handle，_.(3)你最好按时出现，或者比约定的时间早几分钟。你最好按时出现，或者比约定的时间早几分钟。or a few minutes earlier than the appointed time.I must turn to my teacher for helpYou had better turn up punctuallyShe heard him d
35、eclare that he did not want to leave her the next day，and that he felt more than just the desire to please her.她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他不仅仅只是想取悦她。不仅仅只是想取悦她。5more than more than数词，表示数词，表示“超过；不止超过；不止”，相当于，相当于over。more than名词，意为名词，意为“不只是；不仅仅不只是；不仅仅”，相当于，相当于not only。more than形容词形容词/副词，意为副词，意为
36、“非常，很非常，很”，相当于，相当于very。more A than B 与其说与其说B不如说不如说A(1)写出下列句子中写出下列句子中more than的汉语意思的汉语意思She bought more than ten handkerchiefs and two pairs of leather shoes at a time，which made her mother explode with anger._I am more than glad to help you analyze the pros and cons of the choice you have made._The
37、chairwoman is more than our leader；she is also our friend._多于；超过多于；超过非常非常不仅仅不仅仅(2)(我会非常高兴我会非常高兴)if you could come and join in my birthday party at 7 p.m.next Friday at my home._(将会有十几个朋友将会有十几个朋友)present at the party._ (派对不仅仅是为了玩派对不仅仅是为了玩)；it is also for mutual communication.So please accept my since
38、re invitation.(应用文写作之邀请信应用文写作之邀请信)I would be more than delightedThere will bemore than ten friendsThe party is more than for fun在读后续写中可以适当采用明喻这一修辞方法，增加故事情节的生动性。在读后续写中可以适当采用明喻这一修辞方法，增加故事情节的生动性。明喻主要采用比喻词明喻主要采用比喻词like，as。It felt like I was being driven fast on a winding road.这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。这感觉就像我在一条蜿
39、蜒的路上疾驰。6修辞之明喻在修辞之明喻在读读后续后续写中的运用写中的运用(1)当他听我们谈论丰富多彩的生活时，他脸上的笑容灿烂得如钻石一当他听我们谈论丰富多彩的生活时，他脸上的笑容灿烂得如钻石一样闪闪发光。样闪闪发光。When he heard us talking about the colorful life，_.the smile on his face shone like a diamond(2)它在温柔低语，就像一个小女孩对她的母亲私语一样。它在温柔低语，就像一个小女孩对她的母亲私语一样。It murmured in a soft voice .(3)汤姆病得很厉害，不能去聚会。汤
40、姆病得很厉害，不能去聚会。Tom ，and couldnt go to the party.like a little girl whispering to her motherwas as sick as a dog1科幻小说科幻小说2用用做实验做实验3检检验；测验验；测验4出差出差5感到惊慌感到惊慌6更像是；接近更像是；接近7彬彬有礼地对待某人彬彬有礼地对待某人science fictiontest outon a business tripfeel alarmedmore liketreat sb with dignityexperiment with 8提高提高的社会地位的社会地位9作为一项恩惠作为一项恩惠10确切地讲确切地讲11惊奇地惊奇地12陪同某人去陪同某人去 13写出写出14去市区去市区15预约预约or ratheraccompany sb towrite outhave an appointmentas a favourimprove ones social position with wonder go downtown 感谢聆听
