1、Unit 7What to Say and to Do at Each Stage of PresentationWays to Start Your PresentationIMaterials and MethodsIIResults and DiscussionsIIIConclusionsIVAcknowledgementV2Q&A SessionVIReflections and PracticeVIIAfter completing this section,you will be able to know how to start a presentation;know how
2、to present materials and methods;know how to present results and discussions;know how to present conclusions;know how to present acknowledgement;know how to deal with Q&A session.3Part IWays to Start Your Presentation41.Ways to Start Your Presentation“First impressions are lasting;you never get a se
3、cond chance to create a good first impression.”The same is true when talking about how to start a speech.The truth is,when you start your speech,you must focus on making a positive first impression on your audience.51.Ways to Start Your PresentationYour opening often determines how long the audience
4、 will“tune in”to your presentation.If you bore your audience right from the start,they begin shifting in their seats,checking their phones,reading the program,talking to one another and doing anything but paying attention to you.There is little chance that your message will effectively get across.61
5、.Ways to Start Your PresentationThere are many tips and strategies presenters can use,but the followings are most powerful ones that good presenters have used over the years.Hopefully,they will help you to nail the beginning of your next presentation.71.1 Start your presentation by getting attention
6、 from the audienceGetting your audiences attention from the beginning is the most important thing you can do in starting a presentation.How you introduce yourself and how the audience react to your introduction determine at least 30%of the success of your presentation.The audience forms their impres
7、sions of a presenter within approximately 90 seconds,after which it is difficult to change their opinion.Remembering the importance of capturing the attention of who youre speaking to will set you up for the many other strategies we convey.81.2 Welcome audience with a“thank you”and start your presen
8、tation by appreciationWelcoming your audience with a“thank you”or“thanks for coming”shows both sincerity and appreciation and additionally establishes the sense of community with your audience.If the greetings and appreciation used in the beginning of your speech are modest and sincere,they may esta
9、blish good will as well as gain attention.Before the speaker comes to the platform,the chairperson of the conference/session usually makes a brief complementary introduction about the speaker.So,it is appropriate for the speaker to express thanks to the chair and greet the participants of the same p
10、rofessional field.9Ex.7-1 Thank you,Mr.Chairman.Ladies and gentlemen,what I am going to say can be roughly summed up into the following three points.Ex.7-2 Dear colleagues,first of all,I would like to thank our Mr.Chairman and our generous host for providing many professionals who have come from all
11、 over the world with such a pleasant atmosphere to meet,exchange views and share thoughts and findings.What I like to talk about is.101.2 Welcome audience with a“thank you”and start your presentation by appreciationEx.7-3 Mr.Chairman,thank you for your warm introduction and also for your efforts in
12、making the opening of the conference so successful.However,avoid excessive and hollow compliments.Audiences are quick to sense a lack of genuineness on the part of the speaker,and they may react unfavorably toward any false sentiments.111.2 Welcome audience with a“thank you”and start your presentati
13、on by appreciation1.3 Memorize first opening lineIt is a good idea to memorize the beginning 4-10 sentences.This is critical because it allows you to feel confident and ride the wave of confidence as you continue your presentation.The best presenters typically practice and memorize the beginning and
14、 ending of their talks.121.4 Start your presentation straightforwardTo come straight to the point without any roundabout statement is the most commonly used approach.For example:Ex.7-4 Mr.Chairman,ladies and gentlemen,I am a PhD student/researcher/technician at Ex.7-5 Mr.Chairman,fellow colleagues,I
15、 am doing a PhD/a Masters/some research at Ex.7-6 Ladies and gentlemen,I am part of a team of 20 researchers and most of our funding comes from Ex.7-7 Good morning,I teach pathology at the University of.My research has mainly focused on.Id like to talk about.Ex.7-8 Hello everyone,I work for.I have c
16、onducted research on.for many years.I have a grant from.to study.My topic today is.131.4 Start your presentation straightforwardEx.7-9 Mr.Chairman,ladies and gentlemen,the work that I am going to present to you today was carried out with the collaboration of the University of Ex.7-10 Mr.Chairman,lad
17、ies and gentlemen,the title of my presentation is.Ex.7-11 Mr.Chairman,fellow colleagues,first,Id like to tell you briefly the background of my paper,and then present my three hypotheses.Ex.7-12 Good morning,what I would like to talk about is mainly.Now,Im going to briefly list a number of its basic
18、characteristics.They are.Ex.7-13 Ladies and gentlemen,now,I would like to talk about my own work,which will be dealt with in the following way.Ex.7-14 Mr.Chairman,representatives,I am very glad to have the opportunity to report my research on such an occasion,Ill lay my stress on the following three
19、 aspects.The first aspect is.141.5 State your purpose of presentation and your way to deal with questionsGenerally your audience will know your purpose or why youre there,but you have to make it clear to them.For example:Ex.7-15 In this presentation I am going to discuss some findings of an internat
20、ional project.Ex.7-16 In my presentation Id like to examine/analyze/bring.to your attention.Ex.7-17 Now,I will introduce the notion of/a new model of.Ex.7-18 For this topic I am going to review/discuss/describe/argue that.151.5 State your purpose of presentation and your way to deal with questionsAl
21、ways remember to let the audience know how you will handle questions.Simply give them the free will to ask questions when they best see fit.For example:Ex.7-19 I will welcome your comments at the end.Ex.7-20 In my presentation,if you have any questions,just raise your hand and let me know.Ex.7-21 Du
22、ring my talking,if you have any questions,dont hesitate to ask.Ex.7-22 Id be really interested in hearing your questions when I finish the presentation.161.6 Ask the audience questions(direct or rhetorical)To start a presentation you can begin with direct questions to the audience.Its a great way to
23、 wake up their senses,get them engaged and get you more connected with them.If you use this technique,wait for a maximum of two seconds,and then continue.171.7 Use“suppose,imagine,think of,close your eyes”to get the audience to imagine a situationOne powerful mechanism used by many speakers is getti
24、ng the audience to imagine or think of something.This technique can be useful in starting off a presentation.Without introducing yourself or the topic of your presentation,make your first word of your presentation“Suppose”and then give the audience a hypothetical situation which relates both to the
25、audience and to the topic of your research.181.8 Show of hands,poll the roomMany presenters get the audience to raise their hands in response,and create context and commonality.As with the question technique,give the instruction(“Hands up if./Raise your hands if.”),then wait for a maximum of two sec
26、onds before you continue.191.9 Tell a jokeAcademic paper presentations are usually taken quite seriously.Telling a joke to elicit laughter from the audience can be a way to lighten the room and become more connected with the audience.Humor relaxes both speakers and audience and provides attention to
27、 the change of pace.Dont overdo this as it can steer people away from your purpose,but proper usage of this technique can be effective in starting any presentation.Look at the following opening examples:Ex.7-23 Mr.Chairman,ladies and gentlemen,good morning.Mark Twain ever said,“It usually takes more
28、 than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.”My following presentation is a case in point.201.9 Tell a joke Ex.7-24 Mr.Chairman,ladies and gentlemen,good afternoon.Today Id like to talk about the MIS in China.But dont be mistaken the“MIS in China”is not a young lady in China.MIS is a short
29、form for Management Information System.It should be pointed out that,although the opening could be humorous and diversified on casual occasions,it cannot go too far astray or be irrelevant to the subject.Be aware of digression and avoid telling a joke just for the sake of telling a joke.211.10 Stati
30、stics&dataUse statistics and data to further your points.Statistics can be boring but if there is some compelling information that can help further the conversation,statistics and data can be a powerful tool,whether used at the very beginning or end of the presentation.Your statistics need to relate
31、 to your audiences capacity to understand them.221.10 Statistics&dataDecide which of the following statistics you find easier to visualize and has the greatest impact on you.73 million papers have been completed in the last 10 years.Last year 7,300,000 papers were completed.Every day 20,000 scientif
32、ic papers are completed.14 papers are completed every minute.In the 10 minutes that I have been talking to you this morning,140 papers will have been completed around the world.Hands up those of you who have finished writing a paper in the last seven days.Well around the world,in the last week about
33、 140,000 papers will have been produced,thats an incredible 14 papers every minute.By the year 2050,eight hundred million papers will have been written,thats enough paper to fill this conference room thirty three thousand times.23Statistic 1 is probably too high for audiences to comprehend if possib
34、le reduce statistics from millions,billions,and trillions to something more manageable.Statistics 24 are all fine,but they lack impact.Statistic 5 is more interesting because the timescale is now(the very moment that the presenter speaks),rather than a generic day or year.Statistic 6 directly involv
35、es the audience and motivates them to listen to the answer.Statistic 7 makes an unusual comparison to physical space.You know why you are mentioning a certain statistic and the relevance that it has,but the audience might not.Help them make the connection.If possible use statistics that they can rel
36、ate to their personal experience or that they can easily understand or visualize.241.11 Say something personal about yourself Tell an anecdote about yourself,if no one introduces your background,you may introduce yourself briefly to establish credibility.251.11 Say something personal about yourselfY
37、ou can introduce how you first became interested in the topic;what you particularly like about this area of research;where you work;what is special about it;what hypotheses you wanted to test;why you chose this particular method for testing them;what you achieved;what impact this might have on your
38、field;a particular event that took place during the research,an unexpected problem,a counter-intuitive result,etc.261.11 Say something personal about yourselfYou can also show the audience your enthusiasm for the topic tell them what amazes and excites you about your research.When you talk about you
39、r passion for your work,your face will automatically light up and you voice will be animated the audience will thus be more engaged.271.12 Tell your audience a storyStory-telling is a better way to connect with the audience.Many great presenters use this technique and it remains one of the most crit
40、ical pieces for an effective presenter.The presenters often start a scene in the far past or in the future and then always connect it back to the main story.This is a power tool to arouse the attention of the audience.281.13 Quote someoneQuoting someone is a good way to start a presentation.Just be
41、sure to make it relevant to the purpose of your presentation.If you are using slides,adding a picture of the person you are quoting to will add more texture and breadth to your presentation.291.14 Start with videoVideo remains a powerful mechanism to begin a presentation.But keep in mind that it sho
42、uld be used sparingly,for the video is used to further your message,not overtake your message.301.15 Start by explaining why you are on behalf of someone elseOccasionally,the presenter himself/herself may not be able to be present at the conference due to various reasons.In such cases,three measures
43、 could be taken:u cancel the particular presentation from the agenda;u change the oral presentation into a poster display;u ask someone else to present the paper.31While making a presentation on behalf of someone else,the speaker should first ask for permission from the chairperson and explain to th
44、e audience about the background if necessary.For example:321.15 Start by explaining why you are on behalf of someone elseEx.7-25Ladies and gentlemen,Professor.has been engaged in the study on.for many years,and a number of his papers have been published.But today he couldnt come for health reasons t
45、hough hes been invited to attend the conference.At the kind recommendation of our chairman,and as once an assistant of Professor.,I feel very much honored to be permitted to present the following paper on his behalf.Well,now,in recent years,Professor.has been working on.331.15 Start by explaining wh
46、y you are on behalf of someone elseEx.7-26 Mr.Chairman,First of all,l would like to make an explanation.The paper I am going to present to you now is mainly finished by Dr.from.Its a pity that he fell ill just before our departure for this conference.Here,on behalf of Dr.,Id like to express our warm
47、 congratulations on the successful opening of the conference.The study is.341.15 Start by explaining why you are on behalf of someone elseEx.7-27 Good afternoon,ladies and gentlemen,I have talked about my own work this morning,and now,with the kind permission of Mr.Chairman,Ill present the following
48、 paper for my colleague,Mr.,who is unable to come.As you may know,Mr.and I are working in the same research institute,but the projects we are engaged in are quite different.After presenting his work,I would,of course,like to try to answer whatever questions concerning the paper.As for the questions
49、that I am unable to answer here,I would certainty take them back to Mr.,and I am sure he would gladly get in touch with anyone who is interested in his work.351.15 Start by explaining why you are on behalf of someone else1.16 Some miscellaneous points to bear in minduDo not lower audience expectatio
50、ns by apologizing for the quality of your presentation or of your knowledge of English.uDo not put your hands together or locate them as they are covering a fig leaf,or rub them together as if you were a magician.uWhen you get up to start your presentation,try to smile and keep your eyes on the audi
