1、翻译技巧(九)长句的译法长句的译法 l英语重形合，其连接手段丰富多样,一方面可以组成很长的简单句，另一方面还可以组合成更长的复合句或复杂句；而且往往从句之中套着分句、分句之中又包含从句，形成环扣相连、层现叠出的长句结构。l汉语更注重意合，汉语句子一般要比英语句子简短。l在汉译英语长句时，必须在吃透原文意思的基础上，采取灵活的变通手段，按照汉语的造句常规，重新加以组合，贴切地再现原文意义。Company Logov试比较下列例子中的两种译文：v(1)There are wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the peo
2、ple I met.v 原译：有许多奇妙的故事可以讲关于我访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人。v 改译：我访问了一些地方，遇见了不少人。要讲起来，奇妙的故事有许多。Company Logov(2)And he knew how ashamed he would have been if his girlfriend had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born,and the kind of people among whom he was born.v 原译：他知道他会非常丢脸，如果他的女朋友知道了他的母亲，他出生的
3、地方以及他所出生的人群。v 改译：他出生在这类人中间，出生在这样的地方，有这样的母亲，这些要是让他的女朋友知道了的话，他明白会有多么丢人。l13.1原序译法l13.2变序译法l13.3分句译法13.1原序译法l原序译法，又称原序译法，又称“顺序法”或或“顺译法”。有些英语长句的内容安排与汉语的表达习有些英语长句的内容安排与汉语的表达习惯颇为一致，基本可以按照原文语序依次惯颇为一致，基本可以按照原文语序依次译出，例如：译出，例如：l(3)The global economy that boomed in the 1960s，growing at an average of 5.5 per-cen
4、t a year,and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year rate in the mid-1970s,simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.l(4)The East Greenland Current carries much ice from the Arctic down the coast ofGreenland，maintaining the lowtemperatures and rendering access to the east coastof Greenland difficult.l(5)When
5、ever chemists want to combine oxygen and hydrogen to form water，theyfind they must use them in a certain proportion，which is always the same，nomatter whether they are forming a single drop of water or many gallons.l(6)A water supply for a city usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of th
6、esupply,a pipeline from the storage reservoir to the distribution reservoir near the city，and finally the distribution pipes buried in the streets，taking the water to thehouses，shops，factories,and offices.l(7)The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead,a sterile mountainous waste on whic
7、h during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury,but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth.l(8)The electronic notebook will serve as memo files in which the scientist records thoughts for preservation desc
8、ription of experiments，drafts of reports,quotations and other materials extracted from other electric files,and other types of information that would now be put in paper notebooks and other types of paper files.13.2变序译法l变序译法又称变序译法又称逆序法。如果英语长句的叙。如果英语长句的叙事层次与汉语不相一致，往往需改变原文事层次与汉语不相一致，往往需改变原文语序、甚至语序、甚至逆
9、着原文语序翻译，以使译文，以使译文更加符合汉语的习惯。更加符合汉语的习惯。l在汉译不同的英语长句中，尤以定语在汉译不同的英语长句中，尤以定语(从句从句)和状语和状语(从句从句)的变序处理更为常见，也更加的变序处理更为常见，也更加重要。重要。l13.2.1 改变定语语序l13.2.2 改变状语语序13.2.1改变定语语序l汉语定语一般置于汉语定语一般置于中心词之前。因此，许。因此，许多英语长句中后置的定语短语或定语从句多英语长句中后置的定语短语或定语从句译成汉语时经常需要改变语序，调整到中译成汉语时经常需要改变语序，调整到中心词之前的位置上。例如：心词之前的位置上。例如：l(9)Einstein
10、s equations indicated that when a star several times larger than the sun exhausts its nuclear fuel and collapses，its matter crushes together at its centre with such force that it forms a singularity，an infinitely dense point with no dimensions and irresistible gravity.l(10)What is the nature of the
11、scientific attitude，the attitude of the man and woman who studies and applies physics，biology，chemistry，geology，engineering，medicine or any other science？l(11)The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and securi
12、ty.l(12)There are several reasons why Kissinger no longer appears to be the magician that the world press had made him out to be，an illusion which he failed to discourage because he has been said to have a tendency toward megalomania.13.2.2改变状语语序l英语叙事说理的逻辑顺序相对比较灵活，英语叙事说理的逻辑顺序相对比较灵活，表示原因、条件、前提等的状语成分既
13、可前置又可后置；汉语一般则是前因后果、先提出条件后交待结果，有关状语大多前置。因此，汉译某些英语长句时，经常需。因此，汉译某些英语长句时，经常需要调整其状语的语序。例如：要调整其状语的语序。例如：l(13)Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free，owing to its always being combined with other elements，most commonly with oxygen，for which it has a
14、 strong affinity.l(14)Moreover,the essential guarantee for mutual cooperation should be realized to solve a series of problems that affect our cooperation,which is in line with my target.l(15)Five years earlier even one year earlier-I wouldnt have been able to live with myself if I had to take sole
15、responsibility for a mistake in judgment.l(16)Later the institute was instructed to carry out its research on condition that the result of which did have a usefulness for market forecasts.l(17)A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics a
16、nd bear them in mind firmly，and be well versed in the definitions，formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics，in order that he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study.13.3分句译法l分句译法又称分句译法又称拆句法或或切分法，是翻译英，
17、是翻译英语长句最为常用的手法之一。语长句最为常用的手法之一。l为了适应为了适应汉语多用较短句式汉语多用较短句式的基本趋势，的基本趋势，经常可以将英语长句中的某些短语或从句经常可以将英语长句中的某些短语或从句分译成句。特别是有些短语或从句与句子分译成句。特别是有些短语或从句与句子中的其他成分的联系并不十分紧密，这时中的其他成分的联系并不十分紧密，这时分句译法就尤其适用。分句译法就尤其适用。l当然，当然，翻译手法的使用往往都不是孤立的。在采用分句译法翻译某些英语长句时，需在采用分句译法翻译某些英语长句时，需要同时运用要同时运用增词法，加译适当的词语，以，加译适当的词语，以便使语气更加连贯，语义更加
18、清楚。例如：便使语气更加连贯，语义更加清楚。例如：l(18)Ten international finalists for the award,who will be from these countriesChina,India,Kenya,Latin American region,Lithuania,Malaysia,Nigeria and Poland,will visit the UK in September 2009 to undertake a common program where they will take part in valuable networking bot
19、h with key UK design industry contacts and amongst their IYDE peers.l(19)Intellectually emancipated at a time when women of good family were not encouraged to do anything more ambitious than dabble in the arts，she became the editor of a review entitled Correspondence des Familles in which she was bo
20、ld enough to publish essays by some revolutionary socialists.l(20)Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends,therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.l(21)The statement de
21、clared that the international economic order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen.l(22)There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in ordinary polite use,deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialis
22、m or as a vulgarism.l(23)We sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavor to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.l(24)Untold numbers of organisms in the past geological periods were buried b
23、eneath silt and sand and，in the absence of oxygen，were transformed by heat，pressure，and time into the deposits of fossil-fuelscoal,petroleum and natural gasthat now yield their bound energies to man.l在翻译有些长句时，往往需要在翻译有些长句时，往往需要综合运用几种手法，方能奏效。譬如，在汉译下面这，方能奏效。譬如，在汉译下面这个句子中，就同时采用了前面介绍的三种个句子中，就同时采用了前面介绍的三种方法：分句译法、原序译法和变序译法：方法：分句译法、原序译法和变序译法：l(25)This hope of“early discovery”of lung cancer followed by surgical cure，which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy，is often thwarted by diverse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of the cancer.
