1、第8讲 翻译技巧(四)增词法v增词法(亦称增补法或增益法):指在英汉翻增词法(亦称增补法或增益法):指在英汉翻译中适当增加原文中无其形而有其义的词语,译中适当增加原文中无其形而有其义的词语,以使译文自然通顺,完整、贴切地表达原文的以使译文自然通顺,完整、贴切地表达原文的思想内容。思想内容。(1)Success is often just an idea away.原译:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。原译:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。改译:成功改译:成功与否与否往往只是一念之差。往往只是一念之差。(2)The dust,the uproar and the growing darkness thr
2、ew everything into chaos.原译:烟尘、喧闹声和渐浓的夜色使一切都原译:烟尘、喧闹声和渐浓的夜色使一切都陷入混乱之中。陷入混乱之中。改译:烟尘滚滚,人声嘈杂,夜色愈浓,一改译:烟尘滚滚,人声嘈杂,夜色愈浓,一切都陷入混乱之切都陷入混乱之 中。中。v运用增词法的两种主要情况:运用增词法的两种主要情况:英文原文中由于语法原因省略的词语英文原文中由于语法原因省略的词语 英语原文中未明确表达的隐含意义英语原文中未明确表达的隐含意义v运用增词法的两种主要类型运用增词法的两种主要类型 增补原文中省略的词语增补原文中省略的词语 增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语C
3、ontents增补原文中省略的词语增补原文中省略的词语8.1.增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语8.2.8.1增补原文中省略的词语增补原文中省略的词语v8.1.1 增补回答句中省略的词语增补回答句中省略的词语v8.1.2 增补并列句中省略的词语增补并列句中省略的词语v8.1.3 增补复合句中省略的词语增补复合句中省略的词语8.1.1 增补回答句中省略的词语增补回答句中省略的词语v在回答英语一般疑问句时,通常采用省略句。汉译在回答英语一般疑问句时,通常采用省略句。汉译时,为了使表达清楚、意思完整,有时需要增补省时,为了使表达清楚、意思完整,有时需要增补省却的词语。如:却的词
4、语。如:(3)Are you afraid?Not very.(4)Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopaedia?Both,please.(5)When is the flight due to arrive?In about half of an hour.(6)Can energy be changed from one form into another?Yes,it can.8.1.2 增补并列句中省略的词语增补并列句中省略的词语v在英语并列句中,假若后面分句中有与前面分在英语并列句中,假若后面分句中有与前面分句相同的部分,经常予
5、以省略,以避免重复。句相同的部分,经常予以省略,以避免重复。汉译时为了使译文句子意思完整,表达通顺,汉译时为了使译文句子意思完整,表达通顺,往往需要增补所省略的词语。如:往往需要增补所省略的词语。如:(7)She majors in psychology and her brother in sociology.(8)A fool and his words are soon parted;a man of genius and his money.(9)We wont retreat;we never have and never will.8.1.2 增补并列句中省略的词语增补并列句中省略
6、的词语(10)The total amount of solution added is not important,but the amount of solute is.(11)All bodies consist of molecules and molecules of atoms.(12)Ice is the solid state,water the liquid state,and water vapor the gaseous state.(13)Its more expensive than it was last time but not as good.(14)Readi
7、ng makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.8.1.3增补复合句中省略的词语增补复合句中省略的词语v英语复合句中的省略比起并列句中的省略情况英语复合句中的省略比起并列句中的省略情况更为复杂。究竟哪些成分应予以增补,主要视更为复杂。究竟哪些成分应予以增补,主要视具体情况根据汉语的表达习惯而定。如具体情况根据汉语的表达习惯而定。如:(15)Ill have the letter photocopied if necessary.(不需增补)(不需增补)如果必要我可以请人把这封信复印一下。如果必要我可以请人把这封信复
8、印一下。Internal defects in the specimen,if any,can be detected by ultrasonic waves.(需增补)(需增补)样品内部的毛病,如果样品内部的毛病,如果有的话有的话,可以用超声,可以用超声波检查出来波检查出来需要增译省略成分的例句需要增译省略成分的例句(16)Electricity is produced if acids react more with one metal than the other.(17)If looking at the moon through a telescope,we can see line
9、s and circles.(18)Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.(19)Unless compelled,they will not go.(20)When pure,water is a colourless liquid.8.2 增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语v8.2.1增加动词增加动词v8.2.2 增加形容词或副词增加形容词或副词v8.2.3 增加名词增加名词v8.2.4 增加表示名词复数的词语增加表示名词复数的词语v8.2.5增加量词增加量词v8.2.6增加概括性的词语增
10、加概括性的词语v8.2.7增加解释性的词语增加解释性的词语v8.2.8增加表达时态的词语增加表达时态的词语v8.2.9增加关联性的词语增加关联性的词语8.2.1增加动词增加动词v根据上下文的具体意义,汉译时经常需要在某些根据上下文的具体意义,汉译时经常需要在某些名词及动名词之前或之后增加动词,才能使译文名词及动名词之前或之后增加动词,才能使译文的意思明确完整。如的意思明确完整。如(21)It is interesting to note that the impetus for both steam engines and railways came for the mine.(22)My t
11、eaching,my family and my friends are more than enough to fill my time.8.2.1增加动词增加动词(23)Sanctions admittedly pressed harder on some countries than others.(24)The molecules get closer and closer with the pressure.(25)Measuring is an intricate problem and long experience is required for its mastery.8.2
12、.2 增加形容词或副词增加形容词或副词v为了满足意义表达上或修辞上的需要,英语句为了满足意义表达上或修辞上的需要,英语句子译成汉语时,其中有的名词前宜于增加形容子译成汉语时,其中有的名词前宜于增加形容词,有的形容词或动词前可适当增加副词。如:词,有的形容词或动词前可适当增加副词。如:(26)Several years service in the army will make a man of Fred.(27)Jeffersons courage and idealism were based on knowledge.(28)At the meeting he made a speeche
13、loquent and energetic.(29)The hungry boy is wolfing down his dinner.8.2.3 增加名词增加名词v在名词后增补名词在名词后增补名词v英语中某些名词,尤其是一些由动词或形容词英语中某些名词,尤其是一些由动词或形容词派生而来的抽象名词,若不加增补地单独译出派生而来的抽象名词,若不加增补地单独译出意义往往不够明确,因此翻译时经常根据需要意义往往不够明确,因此翻译时经常根据需要在其后面增加名词,以使语义更加完整、译文在其后面增加名词,以使语义更加完整、译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯。如:更加符合汉语的表达习惯。如:(30)From the
14、 evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions.(31)It is enough to shatter his complacency.8.2.3 增加名词增加名词(32)Both sides are willing to hold face-to-face talks in order to ease tension in the Middle East.(33)In terms of conductivity,aluminum is a good mate
15、rial to be used for electric wires.(34)Backwardness of pure science will eventually lead to a setback of applied science,since these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.(35)Additions and changes should often be made to the Defence Communication System to meet the increasin
16、g need for communications.8.2.3 增加名词增加名词v在不及物动词之后或形容词之前增译有关名词在不及物动词之后或形容词之前增译有关名词v除了上述在某些名词后增补名词外,有时为了使除了上述在某些名词后增补名词外,有时为了使译文意义完整明晰、行文自然规范,还在某些不译文意义完整明晰、行文自然规范,还在某些不及物动词之后或形容词之前增译有关名词。及物动词之后或形容词之前增译有关名词。(36)Mary could knit when she was eight.(37)The baby elephants were drinking from their mothers.(
17、38)The air-conditioner,with its modern,elegant,bright,and harmoniously colored design,is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purposes on hot summer days.8.2.4 增加表示名词复数的词语增加表示名词复数的词语v英语通常依靠词尾的屈折变化形式表示名词的英语通常依靠词尾的屈折变化形式表示名词的复数,但汉语缺乏这种词形变化。实际上,英复数,但汉语缺乏这种词形变化。实际上,英汉翻译中经常也无需将英语名词的复数形
18、式表汉翻译中经常也无需将英语名词的复数形式表达出来,尤其是对于某些具有特定含义或表示达出来,尤其是对于某些具有特定含义或表示类别的复数更是这样。例如:类别的复数更是这样。例如:v glasses 眼镜眼镜 savings 储蓄储蓄 arms 武器武器 times 时代时代 damages 赔偿费赔偿费 authorities 当局当局 contents 目录目录 minutes 会议记录会议记录8.2.4 增加表示名词复数的词语增加表示名词复数的词语v再看下面这个例句,其中再看下面这个例句,其中plants和和animals分别分别表示类别,因此复数形式省译:表示类别,因此复数形式省译:(39
19、)Plants belong to a group called the Plant Kingdom,while animals and people belong to the Animal Kingdom.植物植物属于一类,称为植物界,而属于一类,称为植物界,而动物动物和人则属于和人则属于动物界。动物界。8.2.4 增加表示名词复数的词语增加表示名词复数的词语v英语名词复数并非一概可以省译。有时,为了英语名词复数并非一概可以省译。有时,为了使译文的意思表达得更加贴切,或者为了增强使译文的意思表达得更加贴切,或者为了增强修辞效果,需要在汉译复数名词时增补表示复修辞效果,需要在汉译复数名词时增
20、补表示复数意义的词语。例如:数意义的词语。例如:(40)As is known to all,air is a mixture of gases.(41)The computations are so complicated that it would take one human computer years to work them out.8.2.4 增加表示名词复数的词语增加表示名词复数的词语(42)Not many yards below the surface,the pressure on each square foot is a matter of tons.(43)Sens
21、or switches are located near the end of each feed belt.(44)From the experiments,scientists learned that ocean currents there are far more erratic than they had thought.8.2.5增加量词增加量词v一般认为,英语是一种缺少量词的语言。汉语则往一般认为,英语是一种缺少量词的语言。汉语则往往需要使用量词来计量。鉴于两种语言的这种差异,往需要使用量词来计量。鉴于两种语言的这种差异,英汉翻译中经常要求适当增加量词。例如:英汉翻译中经常要求
22、适当增加量词。例如:(45)Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler,a metal spoon,a coin,a tin lid,a pencil,and a rubber eraser.(46)Aluminium is said to be the thirteenth element in the periodic table.(47)Its a picture of an old castle in Egypt.(48)The corporation produces a range of 16 low-alloy steel grades.
23、8.2.6增加概括性的词语增加概括性的词语v英语中常用以表示概括的词语包括:英语中常用以表示概括的词语包括:in short(总而言之)(总而言之),to sum up(概括地说)(概括地说),and all that(诸如此类)(诸如此类),and so on/so forth/the like(等等)(等等);v汉语中则常用汉语中则常用“各方各方”、双方双方”、“等等”、“等等等等”、“凡此种种凡此种种”以及以及类似的词语表示概括。类似的词语表示概括。v尽管英汉两种语言中都有概括性的词语,但是由尽管英汉两种语言中都有概括性的词语,但是由于语言习惯上的差异,两者使用这些词语的场合于语言习惯上
24、的差异,两者使用这些词语的场合却不尽相同。因此,有时英语原文中并无概括性却不尽相同。因此,有时英语原文中并无概括性的词语,但是译成汉语却需要加以增补,才能使的词语,但是译成汉语却需要加以增补,才能使译文更加符合汉语的修辞规范。例如:译文更加符合汉语的修辞规范。例如:8.2.6增加概括性的词语增加概括性的词语(49)You and I are both green hands.(50)This report summed up the new achievements made in thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic.(51)The chief ef
25、fects of electric currents are magnetic,heating and chemical effects.(52)Note that the words“velocity”and“speed”require explanation.(53)The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.(54)The Americans and the Russians have undergone series of
26、 secret consultations.8.2.7增加解释性的词语增加解释性的词语v英语中有些隐含意义寓于字里行间,但假若将原句英语中有些隐含意义寓于字里行间,但假若将原句照字面直译成汉语就会令人费解,这就要求在译文照字面直译成汉语就会令人费解,这就要求在译文中适当增加解释性词语。例如:中适当增加解释性词语。例如:(55)In line with latest trends in fashion,a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.(56)The discovery of electron-pos
27、itron annihilation is most startling and exciting to high-energy physicists.(57)He then launched into a speech,eloquently advocating his army of the future.(58)As Japans bubble bursts,a downsizing of expectations is taking place8.2.8增加表达时态的词语增加表达时态的词语v英语主要借助于动词词形变化或使用助动词表英语主要借助于动词词形变化或使用助动词表达时态。而汉语动
28、词没有词形变化,表达时态达时态。而汉语动词没有词形变化,表达时态须通过时态助词或其它表示时间的词语。因此,须通过时态助词或其它表示时间的词语。因此,英汉翻译中若要突出强调时间概念,就需在译英汉翻译中若要突出强调时间概念,就需在译文中增加这类词语。例如:文中增加这类词语。例如:8.2.8增加表达时态的词语增加表达时态的词语(59)Although a computer can think in a certain sense,the human brain with its billions of nerve cells was and still is a much more remarkab
29、le mechanism than any computer.(60)I treated you as my brother,but not now.(61)Our transmitter is sending out a series of short pulses.(62)The agreement will come into force next spring.8.2.9增加关联性的词语增加关联性的词语v英语和汉语行文中都注意衔接与连贯,但是两英语和汉语行文中都注意衔接与连贯,但是两种语言所采用的连接手法不尽一致。有时英语种语言所采用的连接手法不尽一致。有时英语句子中不可或缺的关联词语
30、在汉语译文中却需句子中不可或缺的关联词语在汉语译文中却需省略。反之,在有些情况下原文中虽无关联词省略。反之,在有些情况下原文中虽无关联词语,译成汉语却要加以增补,或者英语原文中语,译成汉语却要加以增补,或者英语原文中本来只有一个连词,译成汉语时则可能需要增本来只有一个连词,译成汉语时则可能需要增加连接词语,以便前后呼应。例如:加连接词语,以便前后呼应。例如:8.2.9增加关联性的词语增加关联性的词语(63)Liquids contract in freezing:water is an important exception to this rule.(64)White surfaces re
31、flect heat;dark surfaces absorb it.(65)Most of the vapour turns to liquid in the condenser and returns to the flask.(66)A man spending 12 days on the moon would find on returning to the earth that a good year had passed already.(67)Unless England improve their game,theyre going to lose the match.8.2
32、.9增加关联性的词语增加关联性的词语v此外,英语句子中一些分词短语、由此外,英语句子中一些分词短语、由with或或without引导的介词短语或独立结构等,实际起引导的介词短语或独立结构等,实际起着相应的状语从句的作用。汉译时也经常需要着相应的状语从句的作用。汉译时也经常需要增加有关的连接词语。例如:增加有关的连接词语。例如:(68)Being stable in air at ordinary temperature,mercury combines with oxygen if heated.(69)Having never handled a computer,he met with s
33、ome difficulty at first.8.2.9增加关联性的词语增加关联性的词语(70)With all its advantages,the fibre-optic communication remains costly.(71)Without gravity there would be no air and no sound of any kind.(72)We can never reach a decision without our chairman.(73)With your eyes shut you can recognize hundreds of things by their sound or their touch.