1、Grammar and Usage(I)Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronounsUnit 2 Getting along with others Lead-inlHe who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。lFriendship is like health,the value of which is seldom know until it is lost.真正的友谊犹如健康的身体，失去时方知其可贵。真正的友谊犹如健康的身体，失去时方知其可贵。What is restr
2、ictive relative clauses?Relative word（关系词）+句子 充当定语（通常为后置定语）He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后谁笑得最好谁笑到最后谁笑得最好restrictive relative clauses被定语从句被定语从句修饰的词词(组组)叫做先行词先行词(英语:antecedent)，引导引导定语从句的词称为关系词关系词，关系词指代指代先行词并在定语从句中定语从句中充当一定的成分。例如:This is the book which interests me.这句话可以拆分为两个句子两个句子来理解:This is the
3、 book.The book interests me.先行词先行词关系词（充当主语）关系词（充当主语）限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 restrictive relative clause非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 non-restrictive relative clause定语从句定语从句类型关系图类型关系图 限制性定语从句起限制性定语从句起限定限定作用：作用：修饰修饰特定的特定的名词名词或或名词短语名词短语 非限制性定语从句只起非限制性定语从句只起补充说补充说明明某种信息的作用某种信息的作用限制性定语从句限制性定语从句从语义上看，限制性定语从句主要起限定作用，修饰特定的特定的人或事
4、物人或事物，如果去掉去掉限制性定语从句，整个句子表意会不完不完整整甚至不通顺不通顺;从结构上看，限制性定语从句常紧跟先行词常紧跟先行词，并且同先行词之间一般不加逗号分隔一般不加逗号分隔(但不是绝对的)。限制性定语从句的关系词包括:that,which,who,whom,whose,as,than等。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从语义上看，非限制性定语从句主要起补充说明补充说明的作用，有时相当于一个并列分句或状语从句，可以表达原因、目的、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步结果、条件、让步等意义。例如:Dr Lee,who had read through the instructions care
5、fully before doing his experiments,did not obtain satisfactory results.(非限制性定语从句表示让步的意义，相当于though Dr Lee had read through the instructions.)非限制性定语从句的关系词包括:which,who,whom,whose,as等，另外that在非限制性定语从句中基本不可基本不可使用。举个栗子举个栗子eg.The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.The government,which pr
6、omises to cut taxes,will be popular.There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury.There were very few passengers,who escaped without serious injury.(限制性定语从句限制性定语从句)(非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句)(限制性定语从句限制性定语从句)(非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句)关系词包括关系代词(relative pronoun)、关系副词(relative adverb)。关系词的选择主要涉及以下因素
7、:先行词是人人还是事物事物;关系词在关系从句中的句法功能句法功能;关系从句是限制性限制性的还是非限制性非限制性的;是口语还是书面语。例如例如:He always remembered the day when(=on which)his father returned from America.有些词如case,condition,point等也可以看做是表示(抽象的)地点的词，因此其关系从句的关系词也可以选择where。关系副词引导的定从和状从区别关系副词引导的定从和状从区别 本质不同本质不同区分点：区分点：从句之前是不是n.，且此n.被从句修饰状从状从是可以放在整个句子最前面的，前面可以没
8、东西没东西，也可以整个主句写完再写从句（很多时候主从的先后是可以颠倒主从的先后是可以颠倒的）The time【when we played everything together】was a wonderful memory.从句把主句岔开了，从句跟在time后头就是修饰time，故为定从。定从的位置是唯一唯一的：如果把它挪到句末，就变成了修饰memory了，句意会有误。【When we played everything together】,we were still young children.可以从句写在最前面的就是状从，状从可以和主句先后整体对换一下，但是注意，如果此时你把它看成从句
9、的话，就确认下从句是否在修饰它前面的名词children，不是不是修饰children，故它不是不是定从。语法想要学通透，必须建立于语法想要学通透，必须建立于“语感基本无误、每个句子都能顺利分割意群区块语感基本无误、每个句子都能顺利分割意群区块”Complete the box of part A on page 34，and find the sentences with restrictive relative clauses.AnswerA real friend is someone who walks in.A real friend is someone whose support
10、 we can count on.A real friend is someone who sees our true self.not just the face that we show to the world.the modern tools that keep us connected.the friends whom we love.the values which matter most to us.the connection which we share.A restrictive relative clause modifies（修饰）（修饰）a _,a pronoun o
11、r noun phrase before it.We use relative pronouns(关系代词关系代词)or relative adverbs(关系副词关系副词)to introduce restrictive relative clauses.nounRestrictive relative clause The modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.A Antecedentntecedent(先行词)Relative Relative pronounpro
12、nounRestrictive Restrictive relative clauserelative clauseWe use(1)_ for things.We use(2)_ and whom for people.We use(3)_ for both things and people.We use(4)_ to show possession.whichwhothatwhosewhowhowhomwhomwhichwhichthatthatwhosewhoseRelative pronounRead the following sentences and combine them
13、into one with proper relative words.1.People have close friends.People naturally enjoy their company.2.He is kind-hearted.He has true friends.3.Friendship is a precious wealth.One searches for it all ones life.Read the three sentences,and analyse the function of each relative word.1.People _ have cl
14、ose friends naturally enjoy their company.2.He _ is kind-hearted has true friends.3.Friendship is a precious wealth _ one searches for all ones life.whowhothat/which wWe use _ for things.We use _ and whom for people,but _ can only function as the object of the relative clause.wWe use _ for both thin
15、gs and people.wWe use _ to show possession,and this relative pronoun can be used with non-_ as well _ antecedents.whichwhowhosehumanhumanwhomthat用用 that 不用不用 which 的情况的情况(1)当先行词是当先行词是 all,little,few,much,everything,nothing,none 等不等不定代词时。定代词时。In China,parents always do everything that they can to sup
16、port their children.在中国,父母总是尽他们所能来支持他们的孩子。There is not much that ought to be done right now.现在没有多少应该立即做的事情。I did nothing that might hurt you.我没有做任何可能伤害你的事 All that I need is only your advice.我所需要的只是你的建议。(2)当先行词被当先行词被 all,every,no,little,few,much,the only,the very,the right,the last 等修饰时。等修饰时。Chattin
17、g is the only thing that interests her 聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事情。These messages are the very ones that I have been looking for.这些就是我一直在寻找的信息。(3)当先行词是当先行词是序数词序数词或或形容词最高级或形容词最高级或被被序数词、形容词序数词、形容词最高级修饰最高级修饰时。时。When it comes to Jinan,the first that comes to mind is the spring water.谈到济南时,首先想到的就是泉水。This is the first t
18、ime that I have been here.这是我第一次来到这儿。That is the best flm that has ever been shown so far in the city那是这座城市到目前为止放映过的最好的一部电影。特别提示特别提示以上三种情况有一个共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前先行词或先行词之前的修饰语的修饰语往往带有“唯一唯一”概念或者“全部全部”概念,以致无法作出选择。因为关系代词 which 原来也是疑问代词,表示“哪一个”,含有选择意味,所以,关系代词用 that 是最安全的选择。(4)当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句特殊疑问句时。Which
19、 is the book that you like best?你最喜欢哪本书?Which is one of the things that make people happy?以下哪一件事情能让人快乐?关系代词的省略关系代词的省略(1)(1)关系代词在从句中作关系代词在从句中作宾语宾语时可省略。时可省略。The watch(that/which)you gave me keeps perfect time你给我的那块手表走得很准。It s the best novel(that)Ive ever read这是我读过的最好的一部小说。(2)(2)关系代词在从句中作关系代词在从句中作表语表语时
20、可省略。时可省略。Alice is not the person(that)she was ten years ago.艾丽斯不是 10 年前的那个人了。My hometown is no longer the one(that)it used to be我的家乡不再是过去的那个样子了。(3)(3)关系代词在从句中关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语作介词的宾语,而介词在从句句尾时可而介词在从句句尾时可省略。省略。The people(who/whom/that)I spoke to were very helpful.我与之交谈过的人都非常乐于助人。Generation gap is a probl
21、em(which/that)people care much for.代沟是人们非常关心的问题。Education should be the most important thing(that)parents are greatly concerned about.教育应是父母们关心的最重要的事情。3.Whose除了用 whose 表所属关系以外,在 whom 和 which 之前加 of也可以表示所属关系(即 of whom,of which)。这时名词需要特指,应加定冠词,放在 of whom,of which 之前或之后均可。I want to help the children wh
22、ose parents died in the earthquake=I want to help the children of whom the parents died in the earthquake.=I want to help the children the parents of whom died in the earthquake.We must repair the desks whose legs are broken.=We must repair the desks of which the legs are broken.=We must repair the
23、desks the legs of which are broken.4.as 的用法的用法as引导定语从句主要用于两种情况:一种是限制性限制性定语从句,先行词被 as,so,such,the same 等修饰;一种是非限制性非限制性定语从句,其先行词是整个主句先行词是整个主句,即 as指代整个主句指代整个主句的意思。as 也可以引导非限制性定语从句,先行词就是整个主句,它在定语从句中作主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以位于主句前主句前,也可以位于主主句后句后,还可以位于主句中间主句中间。As everybody knows,Shakespeare was a great English write
24、r.众所周知,莎士比亚是一位伟大的英国作家。(从句在主句之前,as 作从句的宾语)Tom is a brave boy,as is described in the report.汤姆是一个勇敢的男孩,这正如在报道中描述的那样。(从句在主句之后,as 作从句的主语)The project,as we had expected,got along well.正如我们所预料的那样，工程进展顺利。(从句在主句中间,as 作从句的宾语)as 引导非限制性定语从句时引导非限制性定语从句时,常见的固定表达常见的固定表达:as we all know 众所周知as I can remember 正如我所记得
25、的 as often happens 这经常发生as we expect 正如我们预料的那样 as you see 这一点你明白as has been said before 如前所述 as is well known 众所周知as was expected 正如预料的那样 as can be seen 看得出来as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样 as has been said above 如上所述as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样 as is often the case 像常规那样as everybody can do 正想人人都能做到的
26、那样用用 which 不用不用 that 的情况的情况(1)关系代词前有介词介词时。Im looking for a box in which I can put all these eggs.我在寻找一个能放下所有这些鸡蛋的箱子。(2)在非限制性非限制性定语从句中。Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.足球是很有趣的运动项目,现在全世界的人都在踢。His best movie,which won several awards,was about the life ofGandhi.他最优秀
27、的电影，就是荣获几项大奖的那一部，是关于甘地生平的。(3)先行词本身本身就是 that 时。I dont like that which she did.我不喜欢她做的那件事。Whats that which excites you so much?是什么事情让你如此兴奋?(4)关系代词后有插入语插入语时。Here is the English grammar book which,as Ive told you,will help improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。用用 who 不用不用 that 的情况的情况(1)当先行词为人称代
28、词 he,she,they或one(s),anyone,nobody 等指人的不定代词时。He who plays a trick must be prepared to take ajoke.玩花招的人必定会受到戏弄。One who puts his heart into it is sure to succeed.专心致志的人一定会成功。There is nobody who has no shortcomings.没有缺点的人是没有的。We dont want anyone who are poor to go hungry我们不想让任何处境贫困的人挨饿。(2)当指人人的先行词是 tho
29、se,或先行词被 those 所修饰时。Those who work hard are sure to earn more money.工作努力的人一定会挣更多的钱。She is one of those women who always make the worst of their troubles.她是那些老是把困难往最坏处想的女人之一。(3)当指人的先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰序数词或被序数词修饰时。He is the third man who witnessed the murder.他是这起谋杀案的第三个见证者。They were the first who arrived th
30、ere.他们是去那里的第一批人。用用 that 不用不用 who 的情况的情况(1)在特殊疑问句中,如果开头的疑问代词是 who,为了避免重复避免重复,定语从句宜使用 that 引导,而不用 who。Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁?Who is the scientist that first discovered radium?首先发现镭的科学家是谁?(2)当先行词为疑问代词 who,which 时。Who that knows his misfortunes can help feeling an inte
31、rest in him?凡是了解他的不幸的人,谁能不关心他呢?Which of us that knows something about Physics does not know this?我们中但凡知道点物理知识的人哪一个不懂这个?(3)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语或宾语补足语表语或宾语补足语时，定语从句也不用 who 引导，而用that,或者省略关系代词 that。这一般是确认性表语。He is no longer the man that he was.他已经不是过去的他了。(先行词 the man 在定语从句中作表语)He is not the fool that you thought him.他不是你想象中的那个傻瓜。(先行词 the fool 在定语从句中作宾语补足语,即 thought him the fool)(4)当先行词同时包含人和物包含人和物时。She took photographs of the people and things that she was interested in.她把她所感兴趣的人和物全部拍摄了下来。The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.撞倒老人的自行车和车主已被带到警局。
