1、第十七章 环境卫生 Environmental Health,Environmental issues in China,Water resources Deforestation Desertification Climate change Pollution Population Implementation of international environmental agreements,The Severn Core Concepts,第一节 环境有害因素及其来源,一、环境的概念 （一）自然环境 (natural environment) （二）社会环境 (social enviro
2、nment),二、环境组成因素 （一）生物因素 (biological factor) （二）化学因素 (chemical factor) （三）物理因素 (physical factor) （四）社会心理因素 (social psychic factor),三、环境有害因素的来源 （一）环境污染及其有关概念 环境污染(environmental pollution) 公害(public nuisance) 公害病(public nuisance disease),River like blood in Roxian, Guangxi,环境污染是指自然的或人为因素的向环境中添加某种物质而超过环
3、境的自净能力而产生危害的行为。主要对环境自然生态系统和人的健康产生直接或间接的危害。 公害是指凡由于人类活动污染和破坏环境，对公众的健康、安全、生命、 公私财产及生活舒适性等造成的危害均为公害。 公害病是人类活动造成严重环境污染引起公害所发生的地区性疾病。,(二)人为污染(Anthropogenic Pollution) -1,空气污染 (Air pollution) 水污染 (Water pollution) 土壤污染 (Soil pollution),(二)人为污染(Anthropogenic Pollution) -2,农业污染(Agricultural pollution) 工业污染(
4、Industrial pollution) 交通污染(Transport pollution) - Car pollution / Heavy vehicle pollution - Ship pollution - Airplane pollution 商业和生活污染(Commercial and domestic sector pollution),(二)人为污染(Anthropogenic Pollution) -3,Radioactive pollution (contamination) Chemical pollution Invasive species pollution Li
5、ght pollution Noise pollution Visual pollution,(三)自然污染源(Natural Sources of Pollution),Volcanic eruptions Dust storms Smoke from forest and grass fires,（二）环境污染物 Primary pollutant Secondary pollutant,- Cookstove and heater smoke - Furnace emissions - Asbestos - Formaldehyde - Radon - Household chemica
6、ls - Carbon monoxide,1. Air pollution,Living environment,Occupational environment,Traffic emission,Ambient air pollutants,Indoor air pollutants,By-products of combustion Environmental tobacco smoke Formalderhyde Other volatile organic compounds Pesticides, Asbestos, Heavy metals, Bioaerosols ,Enviro
7、nmental tobacco smoke is a combination of diluted sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke. Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette has been extinguished.,Atmospheric haze in Beijing, 2013,机动车排放尾气污染 工业废气 工地的土石方、渣土运输和拆迁企业排放扬尘污染 燃煤排放的废气,雾： 大量悬浮在近地面空气中的微小水滴或冰晶组成的气溶
8、胶系统。是近地面层空气中水汽凝结（或凝华）的产物。 灰霾：空气中的灰尘、硫酸、硝酸、有机碳氢化合物等粒子能使大气浑浊，视野模糊并导致能见度恶化。如果水平能见度小于10000米时，将这种非水成物组成的气溶胶系统造成的视程障碍成为霾(haze)或灰霾(dust-haze)。,PM2.5定义及其组成,PM2.5是指大气中空气动力学直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物，也称为细颗粒物，或可入肺颗粒物。它的直径还不到人的头发丝粗细的1/20。 PM2.5的主要化学成分有水溶性无机盐、不溶性矿物质和含碳物质等，其中含碳物质包括水溶性和非水溶性有机化合物及元素碳。,PM2.5的来源,化石燃料的燃烧（如机动车（船
9、）尾气排放 电厂及工业锅炉和炉窑的燃烧排放） 工业生产排放（粉尘、挥发性有机物） 道路与建筑扬尘、秸秆焚烧和居民生活等 区域性污染相互影响密切相关。,2. Water pollution,China is a country in which water resources are extremely scarce. The total non-salt water amount is 2, 800, 000,000,000 cubic meters, about only 2300 cubic meters per person. This is only a quarter of the
10、average world level, and ranks 110 of all countries. China is one of the poorest countries in terms of water resources per person.,Chinas Water Pollution Crisis,http:/www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?id=1878,2012年中国水污染事件,广西龙江河发生镉污染超标事件,2012年1月15日，龙江河的宜州市怀远镇河段水质出现异常，河池市环保局在调查中发现龙江河拉浪电站坝首前200米处，
11、镉含量超地表水环境质量标准类标准约80倍。据参与事故处置的专家估算，此次镉污染事件镉泄漏量约20吨。,江苏镇江水污染事件,2012年2月3日中午开始，镇江市自来水出现异味，在其后两天里，镇江发生了抢购饮用水的风波。镇江自来水公司给出的解释是由于“加大了自来水中氯气的投放量”。根据镇江市后来公布的情况，早在2月2日，就发生了污染物泄漏情况，但是有关部门却没有及时公布实情，而是以种种借口搪塞掩盖。直到2月7日晚，镇江市政府应急办才发布镇江市区自来水异味事件处置情况通告，承认水源水苯酚污染是造成此次镇江饮用水异味事件的主要原因。经专家组全面调查认定，这起自来水异味事件污染源由运输苯酚的韩籍船舶操作不
12、当泄漏导致。,新安江饮用水源污染事件,2011年6月4日晚上22时55分左右，杭州市辖区建德境内杭新景高速公路发生苯酚槽罐车泄漏事故，导致部分苯酚泄漏并随雨水流入新安江，造成部分水体受到污染。事故发生后，杭州市民超市疯狂抢购矿泉水。,武汉饮用自来水污染事件,2月29日，不少武汉市民反映饮用自来水出现异味。武汉市水务集团相关人士当天表示，当地一水厂水源出现问题。武汉市环保局3月1日的报告显示，因地处白沙洲水厂上游约3公里的陈家山闸大量排放污水，影响取水质量，水厂加大投氯量，自来水出现异味。尽管相关部门随后宣布，污染水源已被切断，水质符合国家标准，但还是在局部地区引发了部分居民的恐慌情绪。,A m
13、an collecting dead fish in Guanqiao Lake in Wuhan in central Chinas Hubei province, which died due to the polluted lake water and the sizzling weather in the city. EPA/ZHOU CHAO,Industrial Pollution,Living Pollution,Agricultural Pollution,- Fertilizers - Sediment Pollution - Herbicides and Pesticide
14、s,Thermal Pollution,- Automobiles, heating systems - electric generating plants, cooling towers - Warm water contains,Others Sources,Point Source Pollution: Pollution released from a readily identifiable source e.g., a steel mill, a sewer outlet, a septic tank Non Point Source Pollution: Source of p
15、ollution diffuse, e.g., road salt, fertilizer from fields, automobile exhaust,Inorganic Pollutants in water,- Heavy metals Minamata disease itai-itai disease - Lead: another potent source of poisoning - Chlorine - Industrial Acids - Asbestos,Organic Pollutants in water,- Organics - Herbicides and pe
16、sticides - Oil Spills and leaks - Plastics,Algal Bloom,太湖藻类污染,3. Soil Pollution,Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health as well a
17、s human health.,Sources of soil pollution,- Landfill - Discharge of industrial waste - Percolation of contaminated water - Rupture of underground storage tanks - Excess application of pesticides, herbicides or fertilizer - Solid waste seepage,The most common chemicals involved in causing soil pollut
18、ion,Petroleum hydrocarbons Heavy metals Pesticides Solvents,A cow grazing amidst the piles of rubbish in Dhaka. With over 8000 slums, thousands of people work everyday in the polluted environment of Bangladeshs capital. The city is known to have the 2nd most polluted water supply in the world, conta
19、minated by industrial waste and human excrement.,Love canal: Origin,In 1942, Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation (now Occidental Chemical) purchased the site of the Love Canal. Between 1942 and 1953 Hooker Chemical disposed of about 22,000 tons of mixed chemical wastes into the Love Canal. Sho
20、rtly after Hooker ceased use of the site, the land was sold to the Niagara Falls School Board for a price of $1.00. In 1955, the 99th Street Elementary School was constructed on the Love Canal property and opened its doors to students. Subsequent development of the area would see hundreds of familie
21、s take up residence in the suburban, blue-collar neighborhood of the Love Canal.,Infrared aerial photo of Love Canal showing 99th Street Elementary School and two rings of home bordering the landfill,Original Love Canal site. Niagara River at the bottom of the picture,Love Canal: Problem surfaces,Un
22、usually heavy rain and snowfalls in 1975 and 1976 provided high ground-water levels in the Love Canal area. Portions of the Hooker landfill subsided, 55-gallon drums surfaced, ponds and other surface water area became contaminated, basements began to ooze an oily residue, and noxious chemical odors
23、permeated the area. Physical evidence of chemical corrosion of sump pumps and infiltration of basement cinder-block walls was apparent. Subsequent studies by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry would reveal a laundry list of 418 chemical records for air, water, and soil samples in a
24、nd around the Love Canal area.,In April of 1978 the New York Department of Health Commissioner, Robert Whalen, declared the Love Canal area a threat to human health and ordered the fencing of the area near the actual old landfill site. In August, the Health Commissioner declared a health emergency a
25、t the Love Canal, closed the 99th Street School, and recommended temporary evacuation of pregnant women and young children from the first two rings of houses around the site. Within a week, Governor Hugh Carey announced the intended purchase of all “Ring 1“ houses (later expanded to 238 houses in Ri
26、ngs 1 and 2). President Jimmy Carter simultaneously announced the allocation of federal funds and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site.,Love Canal: Disaster,E-waste pollution,Homeworks, ,Relevant Questions,Is photochemical smog most likely to occur where it is rainy? How does photochemical smog differ from industrial smog? What country is famous photochemical smog?,
