1、Unit 16Text:Economic Globalization（经济全球化）1.Key words2.Phenomena of economic globalization3.Benefits of globalization4.Concepts of globalization5.Three dimensions of globalization6.Essence of globalization7.Questionsemerging marketinformation technologynational boundaryglobal warmingenvironmental des
2、tructionforest depletionsustainable developmentbiophysical environmentresource utilizationbenefits of globalizationstrategic managementgeographical boundarynation-stateglobal mass culturesatellite televisionhistorical rootcultural and social alienationcapital accumulationmoderntraditional dichotomyd
3、ualistic constructionFormerly restricted markets have now eagerly embraced the principles of market economies,and the focus of many corporations has shifted to these emerging markets.As transnational corporations and the“developed”countries scramble for a foothold in the huge Chinese and other Asian
4、 markets,it appears that the center stage for world trade has shifted to the Asia-Pacific theater.Rapid advances in information technology,increased competition in global markets and the increased permeability of national boundaries have all contributed to the ever-increasing pace of globalization i
5、n virtually all business sectors.Concern about forest depletion,global warming and other ecological problems is now universal,and if“globalization”is one of the buzzwords of the 1990s,then“sustainable development”is not far behind.Globalization makes the promise:increased access to resources and mar
6、kets,tariff-less geographical boundaries and increased efficiency in resource utilization will generate wealth for the poorer countries.At the root of most of the arguments for globalization is the assumption that the benefits of globalization far outweigh the costs.Global environmental destruction
7、is one such cost.4.1 Multidomestic marketing4.2 Marketing and strategic management 4.3 Sociology and anthropologyConcepts related to globalization include internationalization,“multidomestic marketing,”and“multinational or transnational marketing,”suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions
8、across national boundaries.In the marketing and strategic management literature,globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular regions comparative advantages.Waters define
9、d globalization as“a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.”5.1 Economic aspects of globalization5.2 Political aspects of globalization 5.3 Cultural aspects of globalization
10、 The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of geographical boundaries for the production and consumption of goods and services.The need for cheap raw materials,cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist
11、 world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world.This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances(frequently through military means)in the new“markets.”The political aspects of globalization involved establi
12、shing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions(through diplomacy)that control such markets.The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization.The cultural aspect of globa
13、lization involves the expression of symbols that represent facts,meanings,beliefs,preferences,tastes and values.Globalization is essentially a Western notion inextricably linked with economic development.It is a Western world view which in economic terms defines the world as a market that can be exp
14、loited to generate wealth.World trade was the basis of globalization,and global trade relations in the modern era set up the dichotomy of“developed”versus“undeveloped”or“developing”countries.The underlying assumption in all development projects was that technological advancement and industrializatio
15、n would lead to economic development.This,in turn,would have positive effects on the social,political and cultural arenas of developing countries.However,development was constructed primarily as a process of increasing growth rates measured by Western standards.(1)The new information technology and
16、advances in telecommunications have tended to erode the heterogeneity（异类）of national life styles,social and economic values and even cultures.This is visible in the standardization of consumer tastes in favor of fast foods(McDonalds,Coke Cola,etc.)and American films and soap operas.But with few exce
17、ptions,the so-called“global products”are largely beyond the reach of the poor.What is your comment on this phenomenon?(2)Some people believe that liberalization of trade,investment and financial sectors in the developing countries has contributed strongly to the acceleration of globalization.Others
18、think that the unprecedented pace of technological change and the spread of new information technology and telecommunications encourage globalization.Still others believe that all these factors have a role to play and that each influences the other.What is your opinion?Please provide specific arguments.
