1、1.Framework 2.Contents16 units,and each unit includes one text and one additional textAll the units concern microeconomics,macroeconomics,population resources and environmental economics,development economics,fiscal economics,finance,international trade,and world economy Unit 1 Text:Demand and Suppl
2、y（需求与供给）Additional Text:Price Elasticity of Demand（需求的价格弹性）Unit 2Text:Cost of Production（生产成本）Additional Text:Economies and Diseconomies of Scale（规模经济与规模不经济）Unit 3 Text:Monopoly（垄断）Additional Text:Perfect Competition（完全竞争）Unit 4 Text:Oligopoly（寡头垄断）Additional Text:Monopolistic Competition（垄断竞争）Unit
3、5Text:Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）Additional Text:Sources of Economic Development（经济发展的源泉）Unit 6 Text:Inflation（通货膨胀）Additional Text:Unemployment（失业）Unit 7 Text:Money and Banking（货币与银行）Additional Text:The U.S.Central Bank:The Federal Reserve System（美国的中央银行：联邦储备制度）Unit 8 Text:Foreign Exchange and E
4、xchange Rate（外汇与汇率）Additional Text:The Effects of Exchange Rates on the Economy（汇率对经济的影响）Unit 9 Text:The Balance of Payments（国际收支）Additional Text:International Monetary Systems（国际货币体系）Unit 10Text:Fiscal and Monetary Policy（财政政策与货币政策）Additional Text:Role of Government in the Economy（政府在经济中的作用）Unit 11
5、Text:Population（人口）Additional Text:The Consequences of High Fertility:Some Conflicting Opinions（高出生率的影响：一些冲突的观点）Unit 12Text:Environmental Protection（环境保护）Additional Text:Methods of Pollution Control（污染控制的方法）Unit 13Text:WTO（世界贸易组织）Additional Text:National Competitive Advantage and Diamond Model（国家竞争优
6、势与钻石模型）Unit 14Text:Nontariff Barriers（非关税壁垒）Additional Text:Dumping and Antidumping（倾销与反倾销）Unit 15Text:Foreign Aid（外国援助）Additional Text:Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Enterprises（外国直接投资与跨国企业）Unit 16Text:Economic Globalization（经济全球化）Additional Text:Regional Economic Integration（区域经济一体化）U
7、nit 1Text:Demand and Supply（需求与供给）1.Key words2.How are prices determined?3.Demand schedules and curves4.Supply schedules and curves5.Changes in demand6.Changes in supply7.Questionsfree enterpriseprice mechanismmake a profiteffective demandlaw of demandlaw of supplydemand scheduledemand curvevertical
8、 axishorizontal axissupply schedulesupply curvemarket mechanismequilibrium pricerelated goodsconsumer tastesFuture expectationschanges in demandchanges in supply2.1 Price mechanism2.2 Demand and effective demand2.3 Law of demand and law of supplyIf an economy runs on the lines of the purely competit
9、ive market of free enterprise,then what is produced and the prices at which the products are sold depend upon the choices and decisions made by consumers and producers.The price mechanism is the process by which prices rise and fall as a result of changes in demand and supply,and thereby acts as a s
10、ignal to producers to guide them on their production plans.If our economy were entirely competitive and there were no restrictions at all,then the market forces,or price mechanism,would operate freely.The only things that would be produced would be those goods for which consumers were willing to pay
11、 sufficient to make it worthwhile for the producers to put them on the market.The demand for a product and the price at which it can be sold indicate to the producer the best way to allocate resources in order to make a profit.Demand means the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given
12、 price over a given period of time.Effective demand means a desire to obtain an article accompanied by the ability and willingness to pay for it at the price asked.In economics,when we speak of demand,we are usually referring to effective demand.Law of demand Buyers are likely to buy more of an item
13、 as the price falls.Law of supply As prices rise,sellers would like to sell more and will,if it is possible,offer a larger quantity for sale.3.1 Demand schedules3.2 Demand curvesPrice(cents/kg)Price(cents/kg)QuantityQuantitydemanded(kg)demanded(kg)Price(cents/kg)Price(cents/kg)QuantityQuantitydemand
14、ed(kg)demanded(kg)1070 503020 6060 2030 50 701040 4080NilThe price is shown on the vertical axis,while quantity is shown on the horizontal axis.This is the conventional way of drawing a demand and supply graph.As prices fall,a larger quantity of a good is demanded.The typical demand curve slopes dow
15、n from left to right.This indicates that consumers buy more of a good at lower prices and less at higher prices,but at very low prices demand does not necessarily increase.This is sometimes called an expansion or contraction,or a movement along the curve.4.1 Supply schedules4.2 Supply curves4.3 Equi
16、librium price Price(cents/kg)Price(cents/kg)QuantityQuantitysupplied(kg)supplied(kg)Price(cents/kg)Price(cents/kg)QuantityQuantitysupplied(kg)supplied(kg)80100 406070 9030 5060 80 204050 701030As prices rise,a larger quantity of a good is supplied or sold.The typical supply curve slopes down from ri
17、ght to left.This indicates that suppliers or sellers supply or sell more of a good at higher prices and less at lower prices.This is called a movement along the curve.A compromise between how much and at what price the seller decides to sell and the consumers plans to buy must be arrived at.This is
18、called the equilibrium price and is the price at which the buyer is prepared to buy the quantity which the seller is prepared to sell at that price,so that the market is cleared and there is no surplus and no shortage.5.1 Influences which can change demand for goods and services5.2 Changes in demand
19、Price received for the itemPrices of related goodsChanges in consumer tastesPrices of all other goods and servicesThe income of the consumerFuture expectationsDemand changes simply because price is changing,but none of the other factors which affect the consumers buying have changed.A change in the
20、price of a good results in a movement along an existing demand curve.Price has remained unchanged but there has been a change in demand caused by factors other than price.The demand curve could shift to the left or right if there is a change in any of these conditions other than price,influencing pe
21、ople to buy less or more of a commodity even if the price remains unchanged.6.1 Influences which can change supply for goods and services6.2 Changes in supplyThe price received for the itemThe cost of producing the itemTaxes imposed which raise the items market price to consumersSubsidies awarded to
22、 producers,which reduce the costs of productionPrices of other goodsFuture expectationsChanges in supply due to the nature of the goodIn the case of supply,any change of price results in a movement up or down the existing supply curve,if no other changes occur to affect supply.Any change in the cond
23、itions other than market prices causes a shift in the supply curve.(1)What factors need to be considered in fixing the price for a new product?(2)What causes a shift in the market demand curve?(3)What causes a shift in the market supply curve?(4)How does the factor of future expectations influence demand and supply?
